CRE NOTES
UNIT 1
GOD GIVEN TALENTS/ ABILITIES AND THEIR USES
1. MEANING OF TALENTS (pg 1,2,3- pre CRE 6 and quick reading pg 1)
Talents
i. They are special gift that God has given us.
ii. Physical talents include athletics, singing, and football e.t.c.
iii. Mental talents are expressed through knowledge of subjects e.g. mathematics, English
e.t.c
iv. Each person has been given different talents of God
v. We should use our talents to serve God and others.
vi. We should appreciate our God given talents.
1 Samuel 16:14-23
a. The spirit of God left Saul and evil spirits tormented him
b. Kings servants asked him to look for someone who would soothe the spirits
c. David son of Jesse was indentified because he was a talented Harp player
d. David was also talented as a good speaker, soldier and a shepherd.
e. Whenever King Saul was tormented by evil spirits David played harp and the evil spirits left
Saul.
f. David served king Saul and was even chosen to be carrying kings Saul’s weapons.
Nb:-
1. King David killed goliath
2. King David captured Jerusalem city from Jebusites.
CLASS 7 COMPLETE
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3. King David made Jerusalem capital city of Israel.
4. King David brought the Ark of Covenant to Jerusalem.
5. King David married King Saul’s daughter.
6. King David defeated most of Israelites enemies.
7. King David was promised an everlasting kingdom and King; also called “man after God’s
own heart”
8. King David desired Uriah’s wife
9. King David planned uriah’s death and took his wife
10. Prophet Nathan warned him against his sin and building Jerusalem temple.
2. Uses of talents at home, school and free time
a. At home
i. Helping our parents with work e.g washing utensils, cooking, digging
ii. Knitting and sewing
iii. Operating machine
iv.
v.
vi.
[let pupils fill the gaps]
Mathew 25:14-30
– Jesus compared the kingdom of God with the parable of 3 servants
– A master shared his part of property with 3 servants.
– He gave each according to ability. 1st was given , the 2nd was given
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and the 3rd was given silver coins.
– The servants used the talents in different ways and the first two got profit.
– Third servant did not use his talents to make profit but hid it. How was he punished
?
– God will reward us if we use our talents to serve Him.
b. At school
i. Playing games
ii. Clubs and societies.
iii. Studying
iv.
v.
1 Corinthians 12:4-7
– Different kinds of gifts but given by same spirit
– Gifts of Holy Spirit:-
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
– There are different ways of serving but the same Lord is served
– There are different abilities but the same Lord gives them.
– Should use our talents in school to glorify God and benefit of others.
c. Free time {leisure time}
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– Visiting the sick
– Visiting the aged
– Visiting orphanages.
– Participating in voluntary work
1 Peter 4:10-11
– We should use our gifts for the good of others\
– However preaches must preach God’s message
– Whoever serves must serve with God’s strength for His Glory.
Nb:
a. We should be good managers of our talents
b. We should use our talents for the good of others.
Questions
1. God rejected Saul to lead Israelites as their king because?
2. When evil spirits tormented king , would sooth the evil spirits by
3. In the parable of the three servants, why did the mater punish the 3rd servant?
4. State 5 parables Jesus used in His Ministry
5. Prophet tore his robe into 12 pieces and gave 10 pieces to and the
rest two were to be given to {1 kings 11:26-40}
3. The meaning of abilities
– An ability is the power to use a certain skill or power to do something
– Ability can be learnt in school or from other people
Examples of abilities
Painting, weaving, embroidery,
Exodus 35:31-35
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a. Bazalel son of Uri and Ohalib son of Ahisamach were given by God various artistic
skills.
b. God gave Bazalel abilities to
– Weave
– Embroidery
– Curve [craftsman}
– Work with gold, silver
– Carpentry
c. Abilities are God given for well-being of ourselves. And others.
4. Improving our abilities at school
– A school consists of members from different families and backgrounds
– We all have different abilities
– We should always pray for God’s wisdom on how to improve abilities.
– We should seek advice on how to improve our abilities.
– We should always practice using abilities to help others in school
– We should work harder and smarter, listen to instructions given and share with others.
1 Corinthians 12:4-10
The gifts of the Holy Spirit include
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
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ix.
5. Improving our abilities at work
By:-
i. Assisting fellow workmates
ii. Asking assistance
iii. Asking for God’s help
iv. Being responsible
v. Being committed
vi. Being honest
John 13:12-15
– Jesus demonstrated service by washing his disciples feet
– Jesus set a good example of humility in our services
Exodus 36:1-2
– Moses called Bazalel and Oholiab and all skilled men.
– These men worked together and build the sacred tent each working according to God
given ability.
– Therefore, we should be willing to improve our abilities at work.
6. The work of Christians and God
1. Christian work in the community is aimed at building the kingdom of God.
2. We co-operate with God when we use abilities well
3. Christians work includes:
i. Preaching the good news
ii. Helping the needy
iii. Building schools, hospitals, special homes e.t.c
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iv. Caring for environment
v. Improving abilities.
vi. Pleasing God in their life.
Exodus 6:28-30
– God appointed Moses and sent Him as his spokesman to Pharaoh in Egypt.
2 Kings 5:2-4
– The little Israelite girl worked for Naaman’s wife.
– She was concerned and wanted Namaan healed
– She informed Namaan’s wife about prophet Elisha who later healed Namaan’s leprosy.
Jeremiah 1:4-8
– God chose Jeremiah to be a prophet in his mother’s womb
– Jeremiah complained he was young and knew nothing.
– God touched Jeremiah lips with his finger and put his message in him.
Nb: both Moses and Jeremiah were reluctant when God sent them but only agreed when
God gave them assurance of being with them.
Acts 18:24-28
– Apollos was eloquent speaker
– Worked for God at Ephesus
– Priscilla and Aquila worked for God by explaining to Apollos about Jesus.
– Apollos became a great help to all believers
– Christians should tirelessly work for God.
7. Values acquired in education
As we use our talents and abilities in school we acquire:-
i. Teamwork
ii. Co-operation
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iii. Obedience
iv. Wisdom and insight
v. Patience
vi. Tolerance
vii. Diligence
viii. Respect
ix. Honesty
x. Leadership
xi. Understanding
xii. Faithfulness
xiii. Knowledge
2 Timothy1:6
– We should keep alive the gift God has given us.
2 Timothy 2:5-6
– We should obey laid rules in order to please God
Proverbs 2:1-4
– We are advised to learn, not forget, listen to wisdom, beg for knowledge, plead for insight
and look for wisdom {a hidden treasure}
Questions
1. Apart from playing harp David was also good in , and
2. Moses called , and to build the sacred tent.
3. Who was Moses spokesman in Egypt?
4. The Hebrews settled in a place called in Egypt.
5. The name Moses means
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6. The parents of baby Moses hid him for months.
7. During the birth of Moses, who were the two Hebrews midwives who were given order to
throw baby boys to river Nile?
8. Who explained to Apollo about Jesus?
9. Paul wrote epistles to gentile churches and epistles to his friends.
10. Name 3 judges of Israel
11. Bazalel was skilled in , , and
12. Name 4 mountains in the bible and major events that took place in them.
UNIT 2
THE SERMON ON THE MOUNTAIN
1. CHRISTIAN VALUES AND SECULAR VALUES
Values
– They are qualities of life that we choose to follow
– They bring peace of mind
– Types of values are secular and Christian values.
a) Christian values
– Values taught by Jesus based on teachings of the bible.
– Example: mercy, purity, humility, forgiveness, charity, poverty, reconciliation, peace,
righteousness, endurance, e.t.c
b) Secular values
– Values that deal with worldly desires
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– Example : land, riches, fame, money, success, popularity, power ,prestige, wealth, pride,
greed, etc
Nb: secular values are necessary in life but Christian values should take first priority in
our lives because the lead us to eternity. {Mathew 6:33, “seek first the kingdom of God
and the rest shall be given in abundance}
Christian values Secular values
1. Based on bible teaching 1. Learnt and acquired from the
society
2. Given first priority in life of a
Christian because they lead to
eternity.
2. Make life comfortable for a short
while
3. Based on Christ teaching on the
sermon on the mountain
3. Deals with worldly material things.
4. Based on Christian beliefs 4. Based on traditions
5. Vary according to individuals,
families and communities
4. Are the same across different faiths 6. Change with circumstances and
influenced by one’s position in the
society.
5. They are eternal.
Beatitudes/ God’s blessings {Mathew 5:1-11}
Beatitude Reward
Happy are those who know they are
spiritually poor
God will comfort them
Happy are the humble/meek
God will satisfy them fully
Happy are the merciful
They will see God
Happy are the peace makers
The kingdom of God belongs to them
Happy are those persecuted for Christ’s
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3. Christian values from the sermon on the mountain.
i. Poverty
ii. Mercy
iii. Charity
iv. Humility
v. Purity
vi. Discernment
vii. Judgment forgiveness and reconciliation
viii. Peace and contentment
ix. Prayer and fasting
x. True riches
xi. Integrity
1) Poverty {Mathew 5:3}
– Spiritual poverty means seeking and trusting God.
– This is total dependence on God
– When we help the needy we should not make a show of it {mt 6:6-10}
– Spiritual poverty demonstrated through prayer and fasting and allowing Jesus to live in
us.
2) Charity
– Charity means love in action
– It is an act of kindness to others
– We show charity by giving.
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3) Mercy {Mathew 5:7}
– It is an act of forgiving those who wrong us
– Those who forgive others receive forgiveness from God.
– It is also an act of showing pity to the helpless\we should help without expecting a
reward from those we help.
4) Humility {Mathew 5:5}
– It is an act of not showing off but lowering ourselves by considering others more
important.
– Demonstrated by
Acceptance of oneself and others
Serving and caring for others
Showing kindness.
5) Purity {Matthew5:8}
– This is an act of good thoughts, intentions and actions
– Pure people live holy lives
– Living a life emulating Jesus Christ.
– Demonstrated by
Practicing chastity {avoiding sexual sin}
Being truthful
Being prayerful
Avoiding evil thoughts.
\choosing pure thoughts and judgments {Philippians 1:9-11}
6) Discernment, Judgment and Justice
– Discernment: ability to exercise wisdom in evaluating a given situation
– Judgment: making a decision after analyzing a given issue.
– Justice: form a right opinion and make a fair conclusion.
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Matthew7:1-5
– Should not be quick in judging others
– God will judge us the same way we judge others.
– Christians should set good examples by correcting their faults.
7) Forgiveness and Reconciliation
– To forgive is to stop feeling angry with somebody who has wronged us
– Reconciliation is the act of ending disagreement and starting a good relationship.
– Forgiveness and reconciliation:-
Promotes peace and harmony
Restores broken relationships
Promotes acceptance and understanding.
8) Peace and Contentment
– Peace is a state of being in harmony with oneself, others and God.
– Contentment is being satisfied with what we have, who we are and where we are.
– Those who live in peace and contentment have:-
Faith in God
Happiness when things go wrong
Confidence in God for provision
Peace and satisfaction in God.
Not worried or upset about their needs {Matthew6:25-31}
Peace with everybody {Romans 12:18, John 14:27}
1 Kings 21:1-16
– King Ahab was not at peace with himself.
– He wanted Naboth’s vineyard.
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– Had a lot of land but not contented with it
– Ahab and Jezebel killed Naboth to have his vineyard.
9) Prayer
– It is a dialogue with God the father, son and Holy Spirit.
– Mode of communicating to God
Elements of Prayer
Praise, confession, thanksgiving, petition {own needs} and intercession {other needs}
Types of prayers
– Public – praying as group together.
– Private –praying alone {meditation}
– Prayer can be done anywhere at anytime
– Prayer has no specific posture
– Prayer should be done in humbleness- parable of the tax collector and Pharisee.
– Prayer should be always/ persistent- parable of widow and the judge and friend at
midnight.
10)Fasting {Isaiah 58:3-7, Matthew6:16-18}
– This is accepting to go without food as a self-denial for religious purposes.
– Done in secret/ private- only God should know who sees in the secret and rewards.
– One should continue with normal duties.
– Jesus fasted for 40 days and nights before starting work.
– Christians fast for 40 days before Easter to remember death and resurrection of Jesus.
This period is lent
– Christians can fast anytime to strengthen their faith in God
– God wants true fasting that promotes peace. Love, harmony, freedom to all. {Isaiah 58:3-
7}
Nb:
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Prayer and fasting renew our relationship with God.
Strengthens our faith
Brings us closer to God
Helps us to live holy life
11)The Riches
– This is a life that Christ is at the centre
– True riches are Christian values i.e. love, humility, mercy, charity, forgiveness,
reconciliation, tolerance
1 timothy 6:6
– True religion makes a person rich i.e. he is contented with what he has.
Matthew6:19-21
– We should store our riches in heaven
– Earthly riches are temporary.
12)Integrity
– It is the quality of being honest and truthful
– It involves honesty, faithfulness, trustworthy, loyalty, contentment and forgiving.
1 Corinthians 10:21
– We should trust in God and serve him alone.
2 Corinthians 8:21
– It is our Christian duty to do what is right before God and man.
13)Living Values Acquired In Education
a. Honesty Telling the truth in spirit of love
b. Respect Recognizing other people’s rights
c. Co-Operation Working together with others
d. Obedience Being loyal and follow instructions given
e. Self
Discipline
Ability to make someone do something as required
f. Responsibility Duty to deal with or take care of something
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g. Sharing To give some of what one has to someone else.
h. Tolerance Willingness to accept situation that are not
appealing
Revision questions – primary CRE 7 {pg 41-42, 1-15}
Quick reading 7{pg 12}
UNIT 3
ETERNAL LIFE
MEANING OF ETERNAL LIFE
– Eternal means knowing God and Jesus Christ whom God sent {john 17}
– Begins when one believes and accepts Jesus in one’s life.
– It is everlasting- starts here on earth and continues after death
a. Eternal life as a way of holiness {1 Peter 1:13-16, 2 Peter 3:11}
– Holiness is a state of being totally separated from evil
– Holiness is given by the Holy Spirit through Jesus Christ.
– Christians are expected to live a holy life. This can be done by
Practicing self control
Setting our minds completely focused on Jesus
Being obedient to God
Avoiding evil desires.
Devoted to live according to Christians values.
b. Eternal life as a way of faith {mark 11:22-24}
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– Faith is complete trust and reliance on God i.e. strong belief in God.
– It is being sure of what one hopes for even though not seen
– Faith causes great things to happen through prayer.
– Faith involves total dependence on God and always ready to please God.
– Faithfulness to God demands risking one’s life for God’s sake.
c. Eternal life as a way of Joy {Luke 10:20, Philippians 4:4-6}
– Joy is intense happiness
– Eternal life brings happiness in our life because there is assurance of eternal joy even in
times of hardships.
– Jesus told his disciples they should be glad because their names are in the book of life.
{Luke 10:20}
– Always rejoice in God because of eternal life.
– Not to worry about anything because he care for us
– Joy in serving God is everlasting and fulfilling.
d. Way of love {john 3:16, 1 Peter 1:22}
– Love is a strong attraction by affection.
– Love is the greatest commandment that sums up God’s law.
– John 15:13 greatest love one can give is one’s life for others.
– John 3:16: God greatest love shown through gift of Jesus
– Eternal life is way of love through selfless acts.
– Actions of love include helping the needy, praying for others
e. Way of hope {1 Thessalonians 4:13-18}
– Hope: desire or expectation of some fulfillment
– All Christians hope to receive eternal life
– Those who die believing in Jesus hope to inherit God’s kingdom.
– Eternal life is a way of hope for all Christians
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– All Christians hope for the second coming of Jesus.
– Eternal life gives us hope for future.
f. Way of justice {2 Samuel 12:1-6, psalms 82:3}
– Justice is practicing what is right and fair towards others
– Justice brings forth – reconciliation, love in the parties involved and caring for others eg
oppressed
– Justice brings harmony and understanding
– Eternal life as a way of justice Creates a sense of belonging
– Justice promotes peace, stability, integrity and good judgment.
2 Samuel 12:1-6
– David sinned by:-
a. Desiring Uriah’s wife
b. Committing adultery with Bathsheba
c. Killing Uriah.
d. Prophet Nathan rebukes David’s sin.
e. Nathan used a story of a rich man and a poor man
f. David practiced injustice by taking Bathsheba
g. God punished David. His son got ill and died.
Psalms 82:3
a. We should defend the right of the poor and orphans
b. Be fair to the needy and helpless.
c. Way of purposeful suffering
d. Purposeful suffering is suffering for a reason or cause.
e. By accepting suffering we share Jesus sufferings
f. Christians accept suffering with hope to receive eternal life.
g. Suffering strengthens and proves sour faith and takes us close to God.
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1 Peter 4:12-16
Through suffering we share Christ’s suffering
Be thankful when we suffer for Christ’s sake.
John 15:18-21
We suffer because we belong to Christ who also suffered
Acts 8-1-3
Saul approved stoning of Stephen
Stephen saw purpose in his suffering and forgave his murderer.
Questions
1. Why does God, who loves man, allows us to suffer?
2. Living Forever In Love
a. Eternal life makes us love God and other people
b. Living in love helps us to
Draw closer to God.
Obey God’s commandment
Practice Christian values
Live holy lives
Love God with all our hearts, body, strength, soul and mind
Hope for eternal life.
Promote peace, concern and sharing.
John 14:1-4
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a. Jesus assures us that he has a place for us in heaven.
b. Jesus is soon coming back for us and go to live forever with him in heaven.
Conclusion
– By loving God, Jesus and other people we have eternal life
– Obeying God’s commandments shows love for God.
3. Traditional African Beliefs On Life After Death
a. Stage of life includes unborn, living, living dead and ancestors
a. Unborn – those yet to be bone
b. Those that are alive
c. Living dead- those who died recently {during our life time}
d. Ancestors- those who died before our life time.
b. Africans believe there is life after death in the world of spirits {living dead and
ancestors}
c. The living dead and ancestor influence the living and the unborn.
d. Sacrifices are offered to God and ancestors
e. Children are named after dead relatives or people
f. Africans make ancestors happy {appeasing them} by:-
a. pouring libation
b. Calling their names
c. Sacrificing to them
d. Naming children after them
g. In some communities the dead are buried with belongings to use in the next world.
h. Both Christians and Africans believe in life-after-death
i. Africans believe in reincarnation but Christians believe in resurrection
Revision questions
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a. Primary CRE pg 65-65>1-15
b. Quick reading CRE 7 pg 17>1-10
c. Spotlight CRE 7 pg 24-26> 1-20
FAITH AND WORK
1. Meaning of faith and work {James 2:14-18}
a. Faith is a string belief or trust on something or someone.
b. Being sure of invisible hopes.
c. By faith Abraham obeyed God
d. We believe in existence of God
e. We believe God Created the universe.
f. Work is the use of energy
g. Work is sacred because it is ordained by God
h. Manual work involves physical energy while intellectual involves mental energy.
Col 3:23
a. Should work with all our heart to please God and not man.
b. We should be committed to work.
James 2:14-18
a. Faith must be accompanied by actions
b. Faith without actions is dead.
c. Can express our faith in action by {refer spotlight CRE 7 pg 36}
2. Reasons for working {2 thess 3:6-10, acts 18:1-3}
a. Work is ordained by God, it is a duty and a right from God.
b. Work enables us to get our basic needs
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c. Conserves the environment
d. To improve our living standards
e. Give sense of responsibility and fulfillment
f. To earn our living.
2 thess 3:6-10
a. We should follow example of apostles who tirelessly worked.
b. We should avoid laziness and lazy people.
c. Those who do not work should not eat.
Acts 18:1-3
d. Aquila and Paul and Pricilla eared their live as tentmakers
e. Christians should work to earn a living instead of being a burden
f. Silas and Timothy worked at Thessalonica
g. Dorcas of jopa made linen for the poor widows
h. Moses worked for his father in-law at Midian
i. Jacob worked for 14 years to marry Rachael
j. Abel worked as a shepherd and Cain as a farmer.
3. Christians Service To Their Neighbors
a. Neighbor is any person in need of help
b. All human being are neighbors despites, colour, race, tribe, nationality, gender e.t.c
c. Ways of helping neighbors
– Loving them
– Shelter them
– Caring for them
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– Praying for them
Luke 10:27
– God commands us to love him above everything else.
– Extend god’s love to our neighbors.
The parable of the Good Samaritan
– A Jew was attacked by robbers on his way from to
– He was bitten to the point of death and left by the roadside.
– A Levite and a priest passed by but did not help him.
– A Samaritan passed by, pitied the man, took care of him although he was a Jew
– Our Christians love should be universal.
4. Christian Service To The Employer {Ephesians 6:6:8}
– An employer is a person or company that pays people to work for them.
– An employee should
a. Work without supervision
b. Be punctual
c. Reliable and trustworthy
d. Make good decisions
e. Be committed to work
f. Be loyal and supportive
g. Be co-operative and embrace teamwork
– Employer should
a. Offer right wages and salaries
b. Offer good working conditions
c. Be understanding and respectful
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d. Be loving and caring.
e. Be forgiving and a good listener.
Ephesians 6:6-8
– Paul encourages Christians work as though serving God and not man
– God will reward everyone for good work done.
5. Christians Service To The Church {Romans 12:9-21}
a. Praying
b. Preaching
c. Reading bible
d. Cleaning church
e. Teaching Sunday school
f.
g.
h.
i.
Romans 12:9-21
Christians should :-
a. Respect in sincere heart
b. Value hard work
c. Be patient and pray always
d. Do everything that pleases God.
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6. Christian Service To The Nation {Titus 3:8}
– Nation : people living in a country under one government
– Nation leaders represents God’s authority in their working stations
– Christians can serve a nation by
a. Electing leaders
b. Praying for the nation
c. Respecting laws
d. Nation building
e. Showing respect for authority.
Titus 3:8
– Give our time to doing good deeds useful to everyone.
7. Cause Of Child Labour
– Child labour is involving children to do work meant for adults.
– Causes:-
a. Poverty- poor families fail to provide basic needs to children. Therefore, children look
for ways of getting basic needs
b. Orphan hood- they have no one to care for them
c. Divorce
d. Drugs/substance abuse- those engaged have to look for money to buy drugs.
e. Parent’s disability- they are not physically fit to work and provide basics hence they
use their children to do the work.
f. Political instability e.g. war- children are recruited as soldiers
g. Irresponsible parents
h.
i.
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j.
8. Child Rights Concerning Labour
a. Right to be protected from any form of exploitation
b. Right to basic needs
c. Right to a satisfactory environment for development.
d. Right to exercise their talents and skills through play.
e. Right to life and safety
f. Right to love and care
g.
h.
i.
Ephesians 6:4
– Parents do not treat your children in way to anger them
– Parents should bring up children with Christian discipline and instructions.
Working for God
a. Commitment {Romans 12:11, Luke 9:23-26}
Commitment
– Willingness to work and give your best
– Being devoted to work
– Involves:
i. Self sacrifice and thinking of others
ii. Enduring sufferings
iii. Self-denial
iv. Perseverance and endurance
v. Carrying ones cross and follow Jesus
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vi. Generosity
vii. Full devotion to a task.
– We show responsibility at home by
i. Helping our parents
ii. Taking care of our brothers , sisters and property
iii. Obeying set rules and instruction
iv. Spending money given wisely
v.
vi.
vii.
1 Peter 4:10-11
– We should be good managers of God-given gifts
– We should use talents/ abilities/ gifts for the good of others and ourselves
Revision questions
a. Spotlight CRE 7 pg 45-49
b. Quick reading CRE pg 26
c. Primary CRE 7 pg 94-96.
UNIT 5
CHRISTIANS IN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
THE CHURCH IN EDUCATION
a. The early missionary contribution {Matthew28:19-20}
– The missionaries came to Kenya through the coast
– Their main objective was to spread the gospel.
– They could not spread the gospel because Africans did not know how to read and write.
– The first missionary arrived in Kenya at Rabai in 1844. His name was Ludwing Krapf
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– Krapf started the first mission station at Rabai in 1844.
– In 1846, he was joined by Johan Rebman
– Both started a mission school at Rabai in 1846.
– Krapf learnt Kiswahili and translated part of St. Luke into Kiswahili.
– Both were sent by church missionary society under ACK
– The missionaries fulfilled Jesus command to preach good news {mt 28:19-20}
b. The early missionary schools
– They aimed at training Africans to read and write so that they could read the bible
– Examples
Aaliance school
St. Mary Yala
Mangu high School
Friend’s School Kamusinga
Loreto convent
– Africans were involved in activities that encouraged them attend learning.
Formal Education Informal Education
Taught in schools Taught anytime and anywhere {daily
events}
Taught by trained teachers Learnt through daily activities
Follows a set syllabus No set syllabus and not assessed
formally
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Assessment are done No textbooks needed
Use textbooks
Questions
1. State 4 ways the church is involved in formal education
2. Write down 3 ways the church is involved in non-formal education today
Special Education {John 9:1-3}
Special Groups Include
– The deaf and mute
– The blind
– Physically handicapped
– Mentally handicapped
These people receive special attention and care. They use special learning equipments.
Example
School Special Group Sponsor
Mumia school The deaf Catholic
Nyangoma school kisumu Physically handicapped ACK
Kambui Presbyterian
school
The deaf PCEA
Thika school The blind SALVATION ARMY
Jacaranda school Nairobi Mentally handicapped –
– – –
– – –
John 9:1-3
– Jesus and disciples saw a blind man
– Disciples asked whether his blindness was caused by his or his parent’s sins
– Jesus told them, that the man was blind so that God’s power might be seen at work.
c. Youth education programmes {ecc 12:1-5}
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– Youth are young people between 18-35 years
– The church youth programmes are important for :
a. Evangelism
b. Training leadership
c. Information of good Christian characters.
– These programmes include:-
a. Youth fellowship
b. Camp and treats
c. Talent shows
d. Bible studies
e. Drama and music competitions
f. Mission work
g.
h.
i.
j.
Ecclesiastes 12:1-5
– Youth are reminded to remember God while still energetic
Nb:
Some youth training centres are
a. Rural training centre –Limuru Agricultural Youth Centre, Mogotio Village Polytechnic
b. Industrial Training Centre – Maua Methodist Youth Polytechnic, African Inland Church
Naivasha Polytechnic
CHURCH AND DEVELOPMENT
a. Farming {genesis 1:28-31}
– Church has initiated projects to satisfy physical needs under N.C.CK.
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Examples:-
– Initiating irrigation schemes in dry areas
– Poultry farming
– Training agricultural officers
– Training farmers on new methods.
Genesis 1:28-31
– God blessed man and woman and put them in charge of CREation
– Have many children and live all over the earth.
– Bring the earth under control
– Guard and cultivate land
– Church obeys God command during Creation when it is involved in farming.
b. International Involvement {2 Corinthians 8:1-4}
– Providing emergency relief during disasters and political crisis.
– Involvement in community development projects.
– Evangelism internationally/ global teaching
– Building homes for needy {orphans and aged}
– Offering scholarship
– Training people on missionary work, farming, teaching e.t.c.
–
–
–
2 Corinthians 8:1-4
– Paul praises the church of Macedonia
– Macedonia church was tested by troubles but went through.
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– The poor were generous
– We should therefore support the church in its involvement internationally.
Some international Christian organization
1. The world vision
2. The catholic relief services
3. The world church council
4. Christian Aid
c. Christian Training Centres {2 Thessalonians 3:6-10}
– Church is involved in building of training centres
– They are meant to teach people to be self-reliant
– Provides basic facilities and training
– The government provides required staff.
d. Rural Training Centre
– Aim at:- improving talents and abilities
– Have a source of income
– Develop skills
– Become self-reliant
They include:-
– Village polytechnics – carpentry, tailoring, agricultural, tannery/leather work, adult literacy.
– Industrial training centres
Found in urban centres
Offers: masonary, plumbing, seCREtarial, hairdressing, carpentry, welding, ICT,
mechanics, electricity, wiring, painting, art and design.
Revision question
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– Spotlight CRE 7 pg 55
– Primary CRE 7 pg 117-118
– Quick reading 7 pg 32
UNIT 6
CHRISTIAN IN ACTION IN HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL WELFARE
The Church and Health Care
a. Training Medical Personnel’s {Luke 9:1-2, Mark 16: 15-18}
– The church provides medical help and train medical personnel.
– Medical work is a vocation and requires total commitment
– Church activities includes:
a. Building hospitals and dispensaries
b. Organizing seminars and workshops
c. Free mobile services.
d. Educating on nutrition
e. Offering education on health matters.
Luke 9:1-2, mark 16:15-18}
– Jesus gave disciples power and authority to:-
a. Cure diseases
b. Drive out demons\preach the kingdom of God
c. Heal the sick
d. Baptize the believers in the name of Jesus
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e. Perform miracles and exercise Holy Spirit.
b. Flying Doctors Service
– Doctors use air transport to give health services in remote areas.
– The service started by Michael woods in Kenya in 1950s
– It was initiated in Kenya by the Christians churches of Kenya {CCK}
– It is part of AMREF {African Medical and Research Foundation}
– This service was first started in Australia
– Activities
a. Organizing free medical camps
b. Vaccination and treatment
c. First Aid and evacuation e.g accident victims.
d. Training health workers
c. Community Health Programmes {Luke 9:6}
– They are sponsored by Christians, non-Christians and government.
– Mainly these programs educate the community on:-
a. health matters
b. Diseases prevention through vaccination
c. Hygiene on handling food
d. Proper waste disposal
e. Family planning programmes
f. HIV/AIDS related matters.
g.
h.
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Luke 9:6
a. Disciples of Jesus preached good news and healed the sick
b. Christians should support the church by participating in community health.
The church in training the clergy { Matthew4:18-22}
– Clergy:- these are people trained and ordained to serve the church
– They include- bishops, priests, pastors, pope
– Courses learnt
Theology
Divinity
Pastoral studies/ church doctrines
Philosophy
Guidance and counseling
Leadership and communication
Administration.
Matthew4:18-22
– Jesus called the 1st 4 disciples to be fishers of men
– Jesus trained them to be preachers
2 Timothy 2:12
– Paul trained timothy and advised him to train others.
CHURCH TRAINING ON THE LAITY {ACTS 6:1-6}
– Laity : Christians given various responsibilities in the church.
– It includes- Sunday school teachers, choir masters, ushers, catechists e.t.c
– Laity duties:-
a. Conducting Sunday school\
b. Training choirs
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c. Assisting clergy
d. Making announcements
e. Teaching catechism
f.
g.
h.
Acts 6:1-6
– Apostles choose helpers {deacons} to help distribute food to the windows and orphans
– Their leader was Stephen who was stoned because of His faith in Jesus.
– Seven deacons were Stephen, Philip, , , , ,
The Church and Social Welfare {Acts 2:43-47, 4:32}
a. Care for the aged {mt 25:41-45}
b. Church helps the aged by:
– Taking them in special homes for the aged.{give examples of such homes}
– Giving them food, clothes and medical care
– Building homes for them
– Protecting properties
–
–
–
Matthew25:41-45
– Our judgment will be based on our service to the less fortunate.
– Any service given to the needy is service to God.
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Care for the Orphans {James 1:27}
– An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead.
– Challenges
a. Lack of basic needs
b. Lack of care
c. Lack of love
d. Child labour
e. Discrimination
– The church supports orphans by:-
a. Giving them basic needs
b. Building special homes {orphanages} e.g
Nyumbani childrens home
Daggoretti “”
Mama ngina
SOS eldoret, Nairobi and Mombasa
Mama fatuma children’s home Nairobi
c. Giving them education
d. Helping them improve talents
e.
f.
g.
Relief Services {1 Corinthians 16:1-3}
– Relief is the assistance given to people affected by war, draught, famine, floods etc
– Relief can be inform of food, shelter, clothing, money, medicine e.t.c
– Relief provided by the church include
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a. Building shelters
b. distributing food, clothing, medicine
c. paying school fees for the affected
d. clean water
e. {pupils to add four more point}
– Church organizations that offer relief services
a. Catholic relief service {CRS}
b. Christian Aid
c. AMREF
d. Jesus Relief Service.
e. Red Cross.
– Christians offer prayers, comfort, guidance and counseling to the affected.
– Paul advised Corinthians to offer help to the needy in Judea.
Care For Refugees {Matthew25:25-26,5:16}
– A refugee is a person who is forced to leave motherland country because of war,
persecution, political problem e.t.c
– Refugee’s main help comes from church organizations, non-governmental organizations
{NGOs} and government.
– Church activities to the refugees are:-
a. Provision of basic needs.
b. Provision of loans and grants for self-employment.
c. Giving spiritual encouragement.
d. Offering educational scholarships
e. Offering training and career guidance.
f.
g.
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h.
– Church organizations involved with refugees
a. NCCK- National Council of Churches Of Kenya
b. KEC- Kenya Episcopal Conference {Catholics}
c. SDA
d. AACC- All Africa Conference of Churches
e. WCC- World Council of Churches.
f. UNHCR- United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
– Matthew25:25-26: Jesus taught that we should support the needy financially, materially
and spiritually. When we support the needy we glorify God.
– Matthew5:16: our good deeds must shine among people that God will be praised.
Christians Working Together
– Church is a community of believer.
– Christian community shows unity and strength when they work together.
– The cooperation of different church denominations for a common purpose is called
ecumenism.
– Christians work together in:-
a. Preaching the word of God
b. Praying for others
c. Community health and youth programs.
d. Training the clergy and laity.
e. Building schools, hospitals, homes and orphanages.
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f. Promoting peace and harmony in a country.
g. Caring for the needy.
h. Educating people on health, drugs , family e.t.c
Revision questions
1. Quick reading CRE 7 pg 39
2. Primary CRE 7 pg 145-146
3. Spotlight CRE 7 pg 64-68
TERM 2
UNIT 7
FRIENDSHIP AND LOVE
1. – what emotions
– Ways of coping with emotions
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2. Accepting ourselves and others
3. Friendship
– Wanting the best for others
– Tolerance and patience in friendship
4. Necessity of loyalty, openness and trust in friendship
5. Sharing activities with others
6. Contribution of parents in making a happy home.
7. Contribution of children in making a happy home.
8. The effects of good and bad relationships in a family
9. Christ our example.
Reference books
1. Primary CRE klb
2. Quick reading CRE
3. Spotlight CRE
4. Face to face CRE
5. Good news bible
A. FRIENDSHIP AND LOVE
What emotions are
1. Emotions are strong feelings we experience in our lives.
Emotions can either be
– Negative- sadness
– Positive- happiness.
2. Positive desirable emotions include
– Joy
– Happiness
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– Love
– Excitement
Negative undesirable emotions include
– Fighting
– Quarreling
– Enmity
– Abusing others
– Depression
– Suicide
– Destruction of properties.
3. 1 Samuel 17:28-30
a. David eldest son was
b. was angry with David because he saw him in the battle field
c. Jesus when he was in sorrow. He arrived and found his friend,
, dead and buried.
Quiz
1. Lazarus sisters were and
2. Lazarus family lived in
3. Jesse’s sons were {I chronicles 2:13}
4. Jesse’s family lived in
5. Eliab scolded David calling him
Ways of Coping with Emotions
1. Our emotions changes depending on the circumstances we find ourselves in
2. When we are angry we should control our anger by forgiving those who makes us angry.
3. Positive ways of coping with emotions:
– Praying
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– Seeking guidance and counseling.
– Exercising patience and tolerance.
– Forgiveness’s
– Sharing the problem with a trusted friend.
4. Ephesians 4:26-32
a. If you become angry do not let your anger lead you into sin and do not stay angry all day.
b. Do not give the devil a chance
c. Get rid of all bitterness, passion and anger.
Quiz
1. The story of King Ahab and Naboth teaches Christians not to be {greedy, lazy,
worried}
2. The two disciples who walked with Jesus on the day of resurrection were walking to
3. pleaded with God not to destroy Sodom and Gommorah
4. The first place believers were called Christians was in?
5. Name four gospel books
Recitation
– Ten commandments
– Order of events during the day of Pentecost
– Gifts of the Holy Spirit.
B. Accepting Ourselves And Others
1. We are all created in image and likeness of God.
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–
–
–
We all have strengths and weaknesses
We all are equal before God despite our weak areas.
We should avoid self-hatred.
2.
–
John 7:24
Stop judging by standards and by true standards.
–
1 Corinthians 13:4-7
Love is and
–
Love is not or or
–
Love does not
Quiz
a. Keep . It is not but happy
1. David’s best friend was?
2. Who among the twelve disciples of Jesus was also called Judas son of James?
3. The work of Zachariah the father of John was that of
4. When Jesus fed the five thousand people, he got the two fish and five loaves from?
5. A parable of Jesus that teaches Christians that they should bring sinners to Christ is?
Recitation
– Disciple
– Beatitudes
– Life among the early church.
C. FRIENDSHIP
a. Mutual Respect
1. A friend is a person you know well and like. A friend is also a person you trust and can share
many things with.
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2. We show respect to our friends by
– Listening to their ides
– Sharing our problem
– Being honest and loyal
– Show sympathy.
3. Mutual respect is when friends show respect to each other.
4. Galatians 5:13-15
a. Our freedom should not be an excuse to
b. Love should
c. Love your as you
d. Love should help us not to behave ,
e. Harm and others.
Quiz
1. Which Jewish feast were Jesus and his disciples celebrating when they had the last supper?
2. The story of annunciation of birth of Jesus is written on the books of?
3. Which one of the was done by prophet Elisha
a. Healing a blind man
b. Casting demons from a woman
c. Calling fire from heaven
d. Multiplication of bread
4. The first man to plant a vineyard in the world was likely to be
5. Who Among the following judges of Israel was the first one in Israel?
Recitation
– Seven deacons
– Isaiah’s prophecy about Jesus
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– Order of Creation
Friendship
Wanting the best for others
1. True friendship lasts when we want the best for the other person
2. We can show that we want the best for our friends by
– Helping
– Comforting
– Visiting
3. True friendship involves love
4. A loving friend is patient, kind, faithful and ready to forgive.
5. 1 Corinthians 13:4-7
Love is Love is not
Quiz
1. What kind of education was carried out in Traditional African Society?
{Formal, non-formal, modern adult}
2. Three of the following happened in the last night in Egypt. Which one did not
a. Ate roasted meat
b. Smeared the blood on the door posts
c. Took bitter herbs
d. Jesus pointed out his betrayal.
3. was the disciple who was a tax collector before he was called by Jesus
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4. “Bring the full amount of your tithes to the temple so that there will be plenty of food
there” which said these words?
5. Which two disciples were sent by Jesus to make ready the Lord’s supper?
Recitation
– Disciple
– Abraham’s promises by God.
– Ten Commandments.
Tolerance and Patience in Friendship
1. Tolerant means the ability to bear or put with a situation or something or somebody.
2. Patience – ability to endure trying situations
3. Genesis 29 :15-29
a. Jacob’s uncle is
b. Laban promised to give Jacob his daughter
c. Jacob had to work years to get Rachael
d. After disappointment with Leah, Laban promised to give Rachel to Jacob after
e. Jacob was patient and tolerant with
Quiz
1. In the book of Acts which Christians value is seen in Dorcas and Cornelius?
2. From apostle Creed which statement does not show that Jesus was truly the son of
God?
a. Was conceived by the Holy spirit
b. Born of the Virgin Mary
c. Rose from the dead on the third day
d. Suffered under Pontius Pilate
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3. The resurrection of Jesus teaches Christians to be
4. The festival celebrated by Christians to mark Jesus ‘victory over death is
5. The meaning of the name Messiah is
Recitation
– Beatitude
– Apostle Creed
– Lord’s prayer.
Necessity of Loyalty, Openness and Trust In Friendship
1. – Loyalty is being faithful in supporting somebody
– Openness is being honest and not hiding information or feeling from somebody
– Trust is the belief that somebody is sincere and will not harm or betray one.
2. 1 Samuel 20:1-23, 19:2
a. warned David that his father wanted to kill him. He asked David
to hide
b. He made his father swore that he would not kill David. He was to David
c. David was open to by telling him how king wanted to kill him.
d. The two friends trusted each other by telling the truth
e. David promised to remain loyal to his friends house forever.
Quiz
1. Which one of the following ways did Jonathan show his loyalty to his best friend David?
A. Telling David that king Saul wanted to murder him
B. Helping David to escape from his father
C. Promising to always help David
D. Allowing David to take his royal coat.
2. Who is not properly matched to mother>
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a. John –Mary
b. Isaac- Rebecca
c. Joseph- leah
d. Samuel- Hannah
3. prayed for and blessed seven lepers
4. was angry when he saw David in the battle field.
5. Who among the following s not Jesses’ son?
a. Jonathan
b. Eliab
c. Abidanadab
d. Shammah
Recitation
– David’s son
– King David’s achievement
– Books of the bible
Sharing Activities With Others
1. At home we share activities to make work easier and save time
2. At school we share activities for:
– Enjoyment
– To understand one another
– To understand ourselves
3. Activities shared include
– Sports and games
– Singing and playing musical instruments
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– Acting together
– Trips and excursions
– Discussion of personal happiness and sorrow
– Encouraging one another.
4. The activities can also be destructive or constructive
5. Ecclesiastes 12:13-14
a. Fear God and obey his commands
b. God will judge everything we do whether bad or good even if done in secret.
6. Acts 2:46-47
– Early church believers fellowshipped together
– Shared meals
– Shared property
– Praised God together.
Recitations
– The early church
– Ten commandments
– Fruits of the holy spirit.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PARENTS IN MAKING A HAPPY HOME
1. Children look up to their parents for love, care and support.
2. Parents contribute to the happiness and good relationship by:-
a. Being role models to their children
b. Teaching children good manners
c. Disciplining children
d. Support children to achieve their dreams
e. Avoid favoritism in the family
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f. Provide security and protection
g. Provide family basic needs
h. Provide spiritual leadership
3. 1 Samuel 2:18-19
a. The boy Samuel served God under priest
b. Each year his mother made him a to show her love for him.
c. Hannah accompanied her husband to to offer he sacrifice.
Quiz
1. Elijah proved to all Israel that God was the only true God on Mount
2. Name three gifts the wise men gave baby Jesus
3. The mother-in-law of Ruth and ophrah was
4. The following people had their names changed. Give their other name
a. Abraham
b. Jacob
c. Simon
Recitation
– Sons of Jacob
– Zacheas
The Contribution of Children to A Happy Home
1. Children’s role in making a happy home include
a. Being kind
b. Helpful to one another
c. Share home activities
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d. Obey and respect their parents
e. Work hard at school
f. Being good listeners to instruction and advice given.
g. Taking care of family and personal property.
2. Luke 2:51-52
a. When Jesus was years old he went with parent to Jerusalem to celebrate
and they went back home in
b. Jesus grew up in and gaining favour with
and
c. Colossians 3:20
Children, it is your christain duty to for that is what pleases God.
Quiz
1. was given skills and ability to work on silver and gold
2. Blessed and the poor in spirit
3. Why was King Saul rejected by God
a. He got possessed by the evil spirit
b. He wanted to kill David
c. He obeyed God
d. He married many wives
4. Jonathan, David’s friend was the son of
5. was the disciples that Jesus loved most.
Recitation
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– Early church
– Apostle Creed
– Fruit of the holy spirit
EFFECTS OF GOOD AND BAD RELATIONSHIP IN THE FAMILY
1. Benefit of good relationship in a family include
a. Respect among members
b. Love among members’
c. Enhanced communication and openness
d. Harmony and unity in the family
e. Promoting concern for each other
f. Stability and security.
2. Effect of bad relationship in a family
– Unfaithfulness
– Impatience and lack of understanding
– Lack of respect, obedience and love
– Oppression, frustration, hopelessness and depression
– Selfishness
– Increase in pride
– Lack of peace and harmony
Luke 15:11-24
– The prodigal {lost son} took all his
– He wasted it and went back home and his father forgave him
– The parable teaches that when we repent God is ready to forgive us because he loves us.
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Ephesians 4:26
– In our anger we should not sin
– We should not let the sun go down while still angry
John 11:1-27
– Lazarus sisters were and
– They lived in
– acknowledged Jesus as the messiah, the son of God
– went to meet Jesus but stayed in the same
house.
Quiz
1. The disciple of Jesus also known as Twin is
2. Who among the disciples of Jesus did not see the risen Christ?
3. Christianity was first introduced in Kenya in the mid 18th century by missionaries who were
sent by
4. Brothers choose seven men from among you who are known to be full of the spirit and
wisdom”, who among the following are the seven deacons?
a. Philip, Mathias, Nicolas, And Timon
b. Paul, Stephen, Procoru, And Nicana
c. Timon, Nicolus, Nicanor And Cleopas
d. Nicolas, Parmenas, Timon And Philip
5. Jesus healed a blind man who always sat by the roadside in Jericho. The blind man was
called?
Recitation
– Seven deacons
– Beatitudes
– Lord’s prayer
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CHRIST OUR EXAMPLE
1. Jesus showed what love is through his many acts of mercy and kindness.
2. His greatest act of love was his death on the cross.
3. Mark 15:1-5
a. Jesus was taken before and accused of claiming to be
b. Jesus was the son of God and He did not boast about it.
4. Memorize 1 john 4:7-8
“Dear friends, lets us love one another because love comes from God. Whoever loves is a
child of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God”
Recitation
– Song- Jesus loves me/ Jesus love is very wonderful
– Disciples of Jesus
– Order of Creation
– King David achievement.
Quiz
1. Who was thrown in the den of lions for kneeling and praying to God?
2. True riches should be stored in?
3. Who was an apostle of the gentiles?
4. Blessed are the poor in spirit
5. “I am fearfully and wonderfully made” were said by?
Unit evaluation exercise
1. CRE klb pg 1717-172 1-15
2. Spotlight pg 86-88
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3. Revision exercise 7a/7b
UNIT 8
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CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES
1. The meaning and purpose of authority {Luke 22:24-27}
– Authority is the power to set rules and guide other people to achieve set goals.
– The duties of citizens are called responsibility
– Authority is found in all sectors at
Level leaders Authority
Home Parents – Guiding and counseling
–
Discipline children
–
Training children to be
morally upright
–
Settling disputes at
home
School – Head teacher – Ensuring school rules
are followed
– Deputy teacher
–
Teachers
– Instilling discipline
–
Supervising school
activities
–
Impart knowledge
Church – Bishop – Preaching the word of
God
– Pastors
–
Priests
– Guiding and counseling
members
–
Making rules for the
church
–
Leading people in
forgiveness and
reconciliation
Government – President – Ensure that there is law
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– Mps
– Governors
– Dcs
and order
– Maintain security in the
country
– Developing the country
– Implementing
government policies
– Luke 22:24-27 Jesus taught the disciples that the purpose of authority is service.
– Christians should obey and respect people in authority because authority is from God.
– Jesus used authority to serve others.
Questions
1. Authority comes from
2. God wants us to respect people in authority
3. Jesus taught that to be a leader you have to
4. State two ways in which teachers can use their authority in school
5. became the leader of disciples after accession of Jesus Christ.
2. Respect for people in authority {Romans 13:1-7, Titus 3;11}
– Authority exists to serve the community
– Leaders are people of authority
– There is peace and harmony when we respect people in authority.
– We respect people in authority by:
a. Obeying the rules of the country
b. Paying taxes
c. Encouraging and supporting them
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d. Implementing policies laid down
e. Carrying out duties assigned to us
f. Correcting them with love when they make wrong decisions.
g. Praying for them.
h. Guiding and counseling those who oppose our leaders.
– Romans 13:1-7 Paul tells us that we should obey authority not for fear of punishment but
as our Christian duty. When we obey we please God as leaders are God’s servants.
– Titus 3:1 we should submit to rulers and authorities, obey them and be ready to do good
in every way {memory verse}
Questions
1. State three ways of which we can show respect for people in authority
2. We show authority to school authorities by and
3. We should to rulers and authorities, them and be ready to good in all ways.
4. St. Paul worked as a
5. The collection of books written by Paul is called? {name them}
3. Building a better society through love, peace and unity {Colossians 3:12-15, Romans 13:1-7}
Activity relating to national anthem
– Love, peace and unity brings prosperity and harmony in a nation
– Love, peace and unity fostered our country’s development in
a. Building learning institutions through Harambee
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b. Raising money to pay hospital bills and school fees.
– Love, peace and unity can develop if we:-
a. Share with others
b. Respect others
c. Obey rules
d. Understanding others
e. Avoid quarrels
– Factors to undermine love, peace and unity
a. Selfish and un co-operative behavior
b. Social evils e.g. bribery, injustice, tribalism
c. Quarrels, fights, war
d. Suspicion of each other
e. Disobeying the laws of the country.
– Colossians 3:12-15 a good society should have the following qualities- kindness, humility,
gentleness, love, peace, patience and compassion.
Questions
1. Love, peace and unity are words found in our
2. God asks us to tolerate and one another if a quarrel arise among us.
3. Which of the following promote peace, love and unity?
a. Revenge and kindness
b. Pride and hard work
c. Hard work and revenge
d. Forgiveness and tolerance.
4. The greatest fruit of the holy spirit is
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5. The greatest commandment is based on
4. Care Of Personal And Public Property {Exodus 20:13,15,17}
– Property are things we own
– Personal property- are things that belongs to an individual
– Public property- are things that belong to the community or state. They are shared by all
the people; they are either built or bought by tax payers’ money.
– Example in each category
Personal property Public property
Clothes Roads
Houses Schools
Cars Hospital
Bicycles Government vehicles
School bags Railways , public toilets
– Ways of misuse of these property include:-
a. Stealing, destroying or mishandling public property
b. Deforestation
c. Dumping garbage anywhere resulting to disease.
d. Vandalism of telephone booths, wires, streetlights
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e. Killing
– Ways of caring for these properties include
a. Washing and keeping personal property clean
b. Proper disposal of refuse
c. Cleaning the environment and planting trees
d. Proper use of public amenities e.g. toilets.
– Exodus 20:13, 15, 17 life belong to God and should be protected hence should not
commit murder.
– We should respect other people’s property by not desiring.
Questions
1. Property is divided into two categories namely and
2. Name 3 things the we should not desire according to exodus 20:17
3. When we take care of the property
a. God is not involved
b. We glorify God
c. We suffer for it
d. It becomes ours.
4. Which one of the following shoes that we take care of public property?
a. Water shortages
b. Garbage along the roads
c. Dirty toilets
d. Neat classrooms with clean walls.
5. Name two public properties
5. Activities Of The Harambee Youth Week {Ephesians 4:2, 15-16
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– Harambee means working together to accomplish a certain goal.
– Takes place once a year as it is set aside by the government of Kenya.
– The youth are involved in
a. Visiting the sick
b. Helping the needy
c. Caring for and cleaning the environment
d. Participating in youth exchange programs
e. CREating awareness of the youth rights and responsibilities.
– Ephesians 4:2, 15-16 we should work together as the body works.
– Christians are expected to have virtues like:
Humility
Gentleness
Patience
Tolerance and love.
Questions
1) What is Harambee youth week
2) List at least three activities youth can participate in during the Harambee Youth Week.
a.
b.
c.
3) The greatest value required in the breaking of bread is?
4) Who among the following was told by God to preserve the gift that God had given him?
a. Timothy
b. Titus
c. Silas
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d. Apollos
6. Christian Obligation towards Strangers {Matthew25:35, 38,40}
– Strangers are the people we do not know or have never met before.
– We meet strangers in public places
– We should treat strangers by :-
a. Greeting them and finding out whether they need assistance.
b. Providing them with food, water, shelter and clothing.
c. Directing them to places they want to get to.
d. Being hospitable to them.
– It is our Christian duty to help the strangers because
We obey Jesus’ teachings
We show the readiness to help those in need
It promotes love, peace and unity.
It is a way of serving God.
It is loving others as we love ourselves.
– Jesus taught that we should help strangers by feeding them, giving them a drink, clothing
and welcoming them in our homes.
– As Christians we should not discriminate but treat all as God’s children.
Questions
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a. Who is a stranger?
b. The deacons chosen to distribute food, who among them was a gentile?
c. was referred as “the apostle of the gentiles”
d. According to Christian teachings, the MAIN purpose for marriage is to?
e. Who among the following sons of Jacob was an ancestor of Jesus?
a. Reuben
b. Simeon
c. Judah
d. Benjamin
7. Helping In Literacy Work {Proverbs 4:13}
– Illiteracy means inability to read and write
– Literacy is the ability to read and write.
– Christians help to fight illiteracy through
Donating reading and writing materials
Discouraging school drop-outs.
Educating parents on the importance of education
Volunteering to teach illiterate people
Building more schools through Harambee.
– The government has helped reduce illiteracy through:-
Free primary education
Providing textbooks and other equipments
Training teachers.
– Proverbs 4:13- we should remember all that we have learnt
– We should value our education and use it well.
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Questions
1. The ability to read and write is called?
2. Paul was brought up under strict instructions of a man known as?
a. Appolos
b. Timothy
c. Gamaliel
d. Eliazar
3. The current minister of education is?
4. Jesus taught using?
5. is the only prophetic book in the New Testament and is the only
historical book in the New Testament.
8. Our Role In Community Work {Philippians 2:1-5}
– Community work is work or activities done by the residents of a place to uplift their social
and economic welfare.
– The activities include:
a. Building schools and hospitals
b. Conservation of soil and water resources
c. Sensitizing the community on development projects.
d. Contributing money towards school fees for the needy and hospital bills, building
gabions and planting cover crops to prevent soil erosion.
Advantages of working together
a. Helps us to live in peace, love and unity
b. Enables us to give service to each other
c. Helps us to do a lot of work within a short time.
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d. Brings faster development in our community.
e. Helps christens express their unity in Christ.
– Philippians 2:1-5: Christians show love, care and concern towards those in need when
they take part in the community work.
– We should be willing to take part in the community work.
Questions
1. List three advantages of working together
2. The best way a Christian can use leisure to serve God is by?
a. Participating in community work
b. Taking part in community celebrations
c. Participating in games
d. Entertaining friend at home.
3. The book of Acts was written by?
4. was raised by Peter from the dead.
5. Which one of the following Christian values do Christians learn from the story of Tabitha
making clothes for the poor?
a. Kindness
b. Humility
c. Honesty
d. Purity
9. Celebrating National Days And Christian Festivals {Leviticus 23:39-44}
– National days are days when Nations in the world remember important events.
– Christian festivals are celebrated to remember important Christian events.
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– Example of these days are:-
National Days
– Labour Day
Christian Festivals
– Good Friday
– Madaraka Day – Easter Sunday/Monday
– Mashujaa Day – Pentecost Day
– Jamuhuri Day – Christmas Day
– National days are celebrated by:-
Singing the National Anthem
Performing dances and entertainments.
Listening to patriotic songs.
Listening to Presidential speech.
Visiting places of interest e.g. recreational facilities.
– Christian festivals are celebrated by :-
Going to church to worship.
Sharing with the needy.
Praying and singing together
Exchanging gifts.
Visiting the needy.
– Leviticus 23:39-44: God commanded the Israelites to celebrate the festivals of shelters or
booths or tabernacle. The people were to offer food, offerings and sacrifices.
Questions
1. Name three national days in Kenya.
2. Name three Christian festivals
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3. The feast described in Leviticus 23:39-44 is the?
a. Passover feast
b. Harvest feast
c. Purification feast
d. Feast of weeks
4. The Christian festival which is celebrated to mark Christ’s victory over death is?
5. was a Jew from Alexandria who was an eloquent speaker and had a good
knowledge of the scripture.
Topical summary questions
Primary CRE- let us remember 192-194
UNIT 9
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GOD’S PURPOSE FOR EVERY CHILD
1. – Our Fears
– Overcoming Fear By Relaying On God
2. Careers In Adult Life
3. The Purpose Of God For Every Child
4. Jesus as a Refugee in Egypt.
1. OUR FEARS
– Fear is the feeling that something bad might happen.
– Fear include
An attack
Punishment
Murder- death
Sickness
Accidents
– Imagined fears include:-
Darkness ‘ghost
Failure
New environment.
– We overcome fear by
1. Praying to God.
2. Sharing with others
3. Seeking advice from friends and responsible adults.
– John 16:16-21:
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a. Jesus explains he will die, be buried and resurrect.
b. His disappearance will bring temporary pain but eventually joy.
Quiz
1. Jesus went to the temple when he was years old.
2. Samuel was called by God times.
3. Which is the main value required by boys and girls in African traditional society?
4. Who were the parents of Samuel?
5. Which is the greatest commandment according to Jesus Christ?
Recitation
1. Song by the Angels to the shepherd.
2. Life among the early church.
3. Ten Commandments.
Overcoming Our Fear by Relaying On God
– We can overcome our fears if we fully trust God in everything.
– In prayer, let our worry be known to God.
– Psalms 34:4: David says, “I prayed to the Lord and he answered me; he free me from
“
– Isaiah 41:10: God is our protector and savior. We should not fear anything.
Quiz
1. Jesus Christ chose His first four disciples who were?
2. When Jesus began his ministry he was years old.
3. Which king of Israel did not worship other gods and was called a man after God’s own heart?
4. A Jewish servant girl helped her master to get healed from leprosy.
5. Who among the following never lived in Egypt?
a. Jesus
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b. Abraham
c. Solomon
d. Jacob
6. Jesus grew up in?
Recitation
1. Ten commandments
2. God’s promises to Abraham
3. Sons of Jacob.
2. CAREERS IN ADULT LIFE
– The kind of work or occupation people choose to be when they grow up is a career.
– A career is also an occupation one chooses to be their life’s work in future.
– A career gives an opportunity to make use of the talents God has given us.
– Ephesians 1:15-18: in prayer we should ask God to give us the Holy Spirit that will
a. Make us wise
b. Help us know.
c. Understand God’s plan for our future.
Quiz
1. was the last Judge of Israel.
2. broke the commandment “do not kill”
3. A Jewish servant girl advised Namaan to see prophet to be healed
4. , a disciple did not believe Jesus had risen.
5. “ the spirit of the Lord is upon me, for He has anointed me to preach good news to the poor”.
Jesus read this scripture from the book of
6. Jesus appeared to on their walk to Emmaus.
Recitation
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1. Song – spirit of the Lord.
2. Order of Creation
3. Disciples.
3. THE PURPOSE OF GOD FOR EVERY CHILD
1. We are all God’s children and He has a particular purpose for each one of us.
2. God’s purpose for each child include
a. Bring prosperity and hope.
b. Doing everything without complaining
c. Be innocent and pure
d. Be holy and perfect even though living with sinful and corrupt people.
e. Avoid being shy and proud.
f. Allow the spirit to fill us with love, power and self-control.
3. Jeremiah 29:11{memorize} “I alone know the plans I have for you. Plans to bring you
prosperity and not disaster, plans to bring the future you hope for”.
Quiz
1. Which King wanted to kill baby JESUS?
2. Why did the Israelites go to live in Egypt?
a. Because Joseph had bought a piece of land there.
b. Because they were looking for jobs.
c. Because John fought the angel and they had to run away from God.
d. Because there was famine in the land.
3. While in the synagogue of Nazareth, Jesus read from the book of?
4. Prophet prophesied that a virgin would give birth to a son.
5. Why did angel Gabriel tell Mary to name her son “Jesus”?
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a. Because he would be the savior of the world
b. Because he would rule forever.
c. Because he would be the prince.
d. Because God wanted him to be born.
Recitations
1. Song- Angels to the shepherd
2. Fruits of the Holy Spirit.
3. Jacob’s sons.
4. Jesse’s sons.
4. JESUS CHRIST AS REFUGEE IN EGYPT.
{MATTHEW2:13-14, PHILIPPIANS 4:13}
– A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave his/her country because of:
War or fighting
Religious reasons
Social reasons
Political reasons.
– Challenges faced by refugees
Lack of food, shelter and clothing
Lack of medical facilities.
Lack of security.
– Matthew2:13-14 : King Herod learnt of the birth of Jesus through Magi {wise men who
came from East}
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– King Herod planned to kill the baby boys as prophesied by Jeremiah.
– Joseph, Mary and Jesus fled to Egypt as refugees.
– The parents had hope in God’s protection, deliverance and faithfulness.
Questions
1. Jesus was a refugee in
2. Which prophet foretold about Jesus being a refugee in Egypt?
3. Matthew2:15 Jesus and his parents fled to Egypt to fulfill the prophecy of God that, “ I called
my son of Egypt.
4. Which prophet prophesied the birth place of Jesus?
5. “I alone know the plans I have for you; plans to give you a future and hope”, were words said
by prophet?
5. THE HOPE OF JESUS CHRIST FOR HUMAN KIND.
– Hope is to have faith that something will happen.
– Jesus went in the synagogue of Nazareth and was given a scroll as it was written by
prophet Isaiah.
– Jesus spoke of his hope for human kind which was:-
To bring good news to the poor.
To proclaim liberty to the captives.
To give sight to the blind.
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To set the oppressed free.
To announce that the time had come when the Lord will save His people.
– Jesus enlightened Nicodemus and gave sight to Bartimeus.
– He set free the Gerasene demoniac.
– Jesus healed the lepers and kept company of the tax collectors.
– Angel Gabriel announced that Jesus was to save Jews.
– The angel told the shepherds that he had good news for them.
Questions
1. Name three people who received information about the birth of Jesus from the angel
2. Jesus was born in and brought up in
3. Who were the two seCREt disciples of Jesus?
4. Who were the first people to know about the birth of Jesus?
5. Who brought gifts to baby Jesus?
6. REASON FOR THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST {MATTHEW1:21}
– God had planned for Jesus Christ to be born
– Angel Gabriel told Mary to name the child ‘Jesus’ meaning savior.
– Jesus was born to save people from sins.
– Jesus was born to proclaim the love of God for all people.
– Purpose of God sending Jesus was to reconcile human beings who had fallen to sin
through Adam.
– Jesus said “it is finished” meaning his mission to forgive sins through shedding blood
was over.
– During the last supper, Jesus told his disciples that his body and blood would take away
sins from mankind.
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– God showed love for us by sending Jesus Christ.
Questions
1. The annunciation of Jesus is recorded in the book of?
2. Angel announced the birth of the messiah.
3. At that time when Jesus was born, emperor had called for census.
4. and asked for permission to bury the body of Jesus.
5. Jesus celebrated the Passover in the house of?
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NAME…………………………………………….ADM NO……………………
DATE…………………………………………….CLASS………………………
GEOGRAPHY
FORM TWO
TERM 3
TIME: 2½ HRS
JOINT EXAMINATION
INSTRUCTIONS
- This paper consists of two sections A and B
- Answer ALL questions in both sections.
- All diagrams must be drawn in pencil.
- All answers must be written in English
- Ensure ALL questions are printed from questions 1 to 7.
Section A ( answer all questions in this section )
- (a). Define the term environment (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). Name TWO branches of geography (2mks)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). What is a map? (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). A part from contours, name THREEother methods of relief representation on topographical maps (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c)Identify TWO methods of locating place on a map (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). Explain the origin of the earth according to passing star theory (6mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). Mention THREE weaknesses of the theory in (a) above (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c). State THREEeffects of the revolution of the earth (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). Define the term mineral (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). Name FOUR ways in which minerals occur (4mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c). State THREE significance of rocks in Kenya (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). Give the difference between faulting and folding (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). Highlight THREEtypes of faults (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c). Mention TWO significance of folding to human activities (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). What is weather? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b)State FOUR factors influencing weather (4mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c). Mention TWO weather instruments kept in Steveson Screen (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). Give the meaning of natural vegetation (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). Give any THREEcharacteristics of equatorial vegetation (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Section B ( answer all questions )
- The table below shows the area under different species of trees in forest cover in Kenya. Study the table and answer the questions that follow.
| In ‘000 hectares | ||||
| Year
Tree species |
2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
| Mahogany
Pine Meru oak Camphor total |
100
120 140 80 420 |
85
100 120 60 365 |
60
120 100 40 320 |
40
140 80 20 280 |
- Using a scale of 1cm to represent 20,000 hectares, draw a comparative line graph to represent the data shown. (7mks)
- State THREE disadvantages of using line graphs in representing data (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). Distinguish between forest and forestry (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of natural forests in Kenya (6mks)
- Temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Aspect
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Human activities
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). Name THREE types of field work (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). Highlight FOUR problems a researcher may encounter when carrying out field work (4mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c). Give THREE advantages of using interviews to collect data (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
- (a)Name TWO earthquake zones of the world (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b). Identify THREE causes of earthquakes (3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- (a). apart from deep shaft mining, name THREE other underground mining methods (3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). State TWO factors influencing the exploitation of minerals (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
- (a). Differentiate between extrusive vulcanicity and intrusive vulcanicity (4mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). State TWO significance of vulcanicity to human activity (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- (a). Outline THREE characteristic of modified equatorial climate of the coast (3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b). Name THREE physical features that can be interpreted on photographs (3mks)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
_________________________________________________________________
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| NUMBER | MATHS | ENGLISH | KISWAHILI | SCIENCE | SST | C.R.E | |
| 1 | D | A | B | C | D | B | |
| 2 | C | D | A | A | C | C | |
| 3 | B | A | D | C | A | D | |
| 4 | D | D | C | A | D | B | |
| 5 | D | C | A | D | B | A | |
| 6 | B | A | C | B | D | C | |
| 7 | D | C | D | C | B | C | |
| 8 | A | D | B | D | C | D | |
| 9 | B | B | D | A | A | A | |
| 10 | B | D | B | B | D | B | |
| 11 | A | B | A | A | C | C | |
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SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS FORM 3 CHEMISTRY NOTES LATEST FREE
SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Objectives
By the end of the Chapter, the learner should be able to:
(a) Name the sources of sulphur.
(b) Describe the extraction of sulphur.
(c) Describe the preparation of the allotropes of sulphur.
(d) State the properties and uses of sulphur.
(e) Name and describe the preparation of the oxides of sulphur.
(f) State the properties and uses of the oxides of sulphur.
(g) Describe the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
(h) Describe the properties and state the uses of sulphuric acid.
(i) Describe the preparation and state the properties of hydrogen sulphide.
(j) Explain pollution effects of sulphur containing compounds.
SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Sulphur is the second member of group VI elements. It is placed just below oxygen in the periodic table. It has an atomic number 16 hence its electron arrangement is 2.8.6.
Sulphur occurs naturally as an element in deposits in places such as Texas and Louisiana in U.S.A, Sicily in Italy, and various places in Japan.
Sulphur also occurs in combination with other elements as sulphides and sulphates. The sulphide ores include copper pyrites (CuFeS2) and iron pyrites (FeS2).
The sulphate ores include gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)and anhydrite (CaSO4). Petroleum gas and coal mines contain sulphur in the form of hydrogen sulphide gas.
Sulphur and its allotropes
Extraction OfSulphur: The Frasch process
The Frasch process is employed in the extraction of Sulphur. The process is based on the low melting point of sulphur which ranges between 113 °C and 119°C. In the Frasch process, three concentric pipes of different diameters 2 cm, 8 cm, and 15 cm are sunk into the sulphur deposits underground.
Water is heated to about 170°C under pressure of about 10 atmospheres and is forced down the outermost pipe. The pressure ensures that the water remains in liquid state at such high temperature.
Hot air at a pressure of 15 atmospheres is forced down the innermost pipe. This produces a light froth consisting of a mixture of molten sulphur and water. The high pressure forces the mixture up the middle pipe.
The mixture is run into large tanks on the surface where the sulphur solidifies at 115°C, Separates from the water and is stored. Sulphur obtained this way in usually over 99% pure.
Allotropes of Sulphur
Sulphur exhibits allotropy. The main allotropes are rhombic and monoclinic sulphur
Rhombic Sulphur
Rhombic sulphur is also referred to as octahedral or α-sulphur. It is a bright yellow crystalline
solid with an octahedral shape.
(a) A crystal of rhombic sulphur. (b) Packing of rhombic sulphur molecules in a crystal
How to prepare Rhombic sulphur:
Place two spatulafuls of powdered sulphur in a boiling tube containing 10 cm3 of carbon(IV) sulphide. Stir and filter the contents of the tube into a dry beaker using a dry filter paper. Allow the filtrate to evaporate slowly. Use a hand lens to examine the crystals formed.
Rhombic sulphur melts at 113°C and has a density of 2.06 g/cm3. It is the stable allotrope below 96°C. Above this temperature, it slowly changes into monoclinic sulphur.
Monoclinic Sulphur
Monoclinic sulphur is also referred to as prismatic or ß – sulphur. It is a pale yellow crystalline solid. The crystals appear needle-like when observed using a hand lens. The actual shape of the crystal is a hexagonal prism.
- A crystal of monoclinic Sulphur. (b) Packing of monoclinic Sulphur molecules in a crystal
How to prepare monoclinic sulphur
Place some powdered sulphur in an evaporating dish and heat gently until the sulphur melts. Using a glass rod, stir and add more sulphur a little at a time until the dish is almost full of molten sulphur.
Remove the source of heat and allow the sulphur to cool and form a crust on the surface. Using a thin glass rod, carefully pierce two holes on widely separated points
in the crust as shown below .
Immediately pour out the molten sulphur. Remove the crust by cutting round the edge of the dish with a knife. Use a hand lens to observe the crystals that have formed on the underside of the crust.
Monoclinic sulphur has a melting point of 119°C and a density of 1.98 g/cm3. Below 96°C monoclinic sulphur gradually changes to rhombic sulphur. This temperature of 96°C is the transition temperature for rhombic and monoclinic sulphur.
The temperature at which one allotrope of an element changes to another is called the transition temperature.
Non-crystalline – (amorphous) forms of Sulphur
Include plastic, colloidal, and powdery sulphur.
Plastic sulphur is prepared by heating powdered sulphur until it boils. The boiling sulphur is then poured in a thin continuous stream into a beaker containing cold water. Long elastic yellow threads of plastic sulphur are formed.
This form of sulphur is insoluble in carbon(IV) sulphide. It turns into hard rhombic sulphur if left for a few days.
When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a test-tube containing a dilute solution of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3, a yellow precipitate of colloidal sulphur is deposited.
N2S2O3,(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
Powdery sulphur may be prepared by saturating distilled water with hydrogen sulphide. The solution is then exposed to air. A white powder is deposited.
H2S(g) + Water H2S(aq)
2H2S(aq) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) + 2S(s)
Physical Properties of Sulphur
Sulphur is a yellow non-metallic element. A molecule of sulphur consists of a puckered ring of eight atoms of sulphur joined together by strong covalent bonds as shown below. .
Sulphur is soluble in organic solvents such as benzene, methyl benzene, and carbon(IV) sulphide. It does not dissolve in water.
Effect of heat on sulphur.
When the yellow powder is gently heated, it melts at 113°C to a clear amber liquid. At this temperature molten sulphur has a low viscosity, and flows easily. This liquid is made up of rings of sulphur molecules consisting of eight atoms of sulphur, S8.
On further heating the liquid gradually darkens. At 160°C, it becomes reddish-brown, and very viscous such that the test-tube may be inverted without the liquid sulphur pouring out. These changes are due to the breaking of the S8 rings which join to form long chains with over 100,000 atoms of sulphur. As the chains entangle with one another, the viscosity of
the liquid increases.
Long chains of sulphur atoms. Shorter chains of sulphur atoms
Above 160°C, the liquid darkens further and becomes almost black. Near the boiling point the liquid becomes more mobile. This is due to the breaking of the long chains to shorter chains.
The liquid boils at 444°C and forms a reddish-brown vapour consisting of S8, S6 and S2 molecules which cools to form a yellow sublimate. This sublimate is known as “flowers of sulphur” and consists mainly of S8 rings.
Chemical Properties of Sulphur
Reaction of sulphur with oxygen, iron powder and copper
Sulphur burns in oxygen with a bright blue flame forming misty fumes with a choking smell.
The gas is mainly sulphur(VI) oxide (sulphur dioxide) SO2, with traces of sulphur(IV) oxide (sulphur trioxide, SO3).
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3(g)
The moist blue litmus paper turns red indicating that the oxides produced when sulphur burns are acidic.
Sulphur combines directly with some elements to form sulphides.
- When a mixture of sulphur, and iron powder is heated, a highly exothermic reaction occurs. Once the reaction has started at one point, the glow spreads through the mixture without further heating, forming iron(II) sulphide. This is because the heat produced during the reaction is high enough to sustain the reaction.
- Hot powdered copper similarly combines with heated sulphur forming copper(I) sulphide.
- Sulphur also combines with some non-metals such as carbon and hydrogen forming non-metallic sulphides.
Carbon combines with sulphur at high temperatures to form carbon(IV) sulphide. Hydrogen combines with sulphur to form hydrogen sulphide.
Reaction of sulphur with concentrated acids
Sulphur is easily oxidised by both concentrated nitric(V) and sulphuric(VI) acids.
- When warmed with concentrated nitric(V) acid, sulphur is oxidised to sulphuric(VI) acid. The sulphate () ion in the acid forms a white precipitate with barium ions in the solution. The nitric(V) acid itself is reduced to red brown nitrogen(IV) oxide and water.
S(s) + 6HNO3(aq) H2SO4(aq) + 6NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
- Concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid oxidises sulphur to sulphur(IV) oxide while the acid is reduced to sulphur(IV) oxide, and water.
S(s) + 2H2SO,(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Concentrated hydrochloric acid does not react with sulphur because it is not an oxidising agent.
Uses of Sulphur
- Manufacture of sulphuric(VI) acid.
- As a fungicide.
- In the manufacture of bleaching agent used to bleach wood pulp in the paper industry.
- Vulcanisation (hardening) of rubber.
- Used in smaller quantities in the manufacture of dyes, and fireworks..
The Compounds of Sulphur
Sulphur forms several compounds. The common compounds include the oxides, sulphuric acid and hydrogen sulphide
Oxides of Sulphur
Sulphur forms two oxides namely sulphur(IV) oxide, SO2, and sulphur(VI) oxide SO3.
Sulphur(IV) Oxide, SO2
Laboratory preparation of sulphur (IV) oxide.
Sulphur(IV) oxide is prepared in the laboratory by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on a suitable sulphite such as sodium sulphite.
Na2SO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) SO2(g) + 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The gas may also be prepared by the action of concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid on copper turnings. The reaction should be carried out in a fume cupboard.
Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + CuSO4(aq)
Sulphur(IV) oxide is dried by passing it through concentrated sulphuric(IV) acid and collected by downward delivery. The gas jar is confirmed to be full of the gas when the paper soaked in orange potassium chromate(VI) turns green.
Physical Properties of Sulphur(IV) Oxide
Sulphur(IV) oxide is a colourless poisonous gas with a characteristic irritating, and choking smell.
It has a boiling point of –10°C and is readily liquefied under pressure.
Discussion Questions
- Give a reason why sulphur(IV) oxide is collected by downward delivery.
It is denser than air, hence can be collected by downward delivery.
- Explain the observation made when a test-tube full of sulphur(IV) oxide is inverted in a trough of water.
When a test-tube full of the gas is inverted in a trough of water, the water level rises rapidly inside the test-tube. This shows that the gas is soluble in water.
- Explain the observation made when:
(a) A damp litmus paper was dropped into a test-tube containing sulphur(IV) oxide gas.
When a moist blue litmus paper is dropped into a test-tube containing sulphur(IV) oxide, it turns red showing that the gas is acidic. The gas has no effect on dry litmus. The solution of the gas in water is sulphuric(IV) acid. This is a weak dibasic acid.
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
The acid is responsible for the change in colour of the moist litmus.
- Sodium hydroxide solution is added to sulphur(IV) oxide.
When sodium hydroxide solution is added to sulphur(IV) oxide gas, neutralisation occurs. The sulphuric(IV) acid formed reacts with sodium hydroxide forming a salt and water. During the reaction between the acid and sodium hydroxide, two types of salts are formed, a normal and an acid salt.
Chemical Properties of Sulphur (IV) Oxide
Bleaching Action of Sulphur(IV) Oxide
Sulphur(IV) Oxide is a bleaching agent. It bleaches by reduction. This property is applied in paper industries to bleach paper.
Discussion Questions
- State and explain what is observed when coloured flowers are dropped in a gas jar containing Sulphur (IV) oxide.
When coloured flowers are dropped into a gas jar containing sulphur(VI) oxide, the flowers are bleached. Sulphur(IV) oxide combines first with the moisture, forming sulphuric(IV) acid. The sulphuric(IV) acid then combines with oxygen from the dye to form sulphuric(VI) acid. When the dye loses oxygen it becomes colourless. In this reaction, the dye undergoes reduction while the sulphuric(IV) acid is oxidised.
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
H2SO3(aq) + Dye H2SO4(aq) + Colourless material.
- Give a reason why newsprint paper turns brown after some time.
During the manufacture of paper, reducing agents such as sulphuric(IV) acid are used to bleach the materials. When such paper is exposed to the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight, the oxygen removed during bleaching is restored. This explains why newsprint paper turns brown after sometime.
Reducing Action of Sulphur(IV) Oxide
Sulphur(IV) oxide is a strong reducing agent. The reducing property is only displayed when the gas is in aqueous state.
Discussion Questions
- Explain the observations made when sulphur(IV) oxide gas is reacted with:
(i) Acidified potassium chromate(VI) solution.
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) turns from orange to green when reacted with sulphur(IV) oxide. The chromium(VI) ion in the dichromate () is reduced to chromium(III) ion.
This is a test for Sulphur (IV) Oxide
(ii) Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
The colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) turns from purple to colourless when reacted with sulphur(IV) oxide. This is because the manganese(VII) ion in the manganate ion () is reduced to manganese(II) ion.
(iii) Acidified bromine water followed by a few drops of barium chloride solution.
Red brown acidified bromine water is decolourised when reacted with sulphur(IV) oxide. The bromine water is reduced to hydrobromic acid as the sulphur(IV) oxide is oxidised to sulphate.
- Explain the observations made when:
(i) Concentrated nitric(V) acid is added to a test-tube full of sulphur(IV) oxide, followed by barium chloride solution.
When concentrated nitric(V) acid is added to a test-tube containing sulphur(IV) oxide gas brown fumes of nitrogen(IV) oxide are given off.
The nitric(V) acid is reduced to nitrogen(IV) oxide while the sulphuric(IV) acid is oxidised to sulphuric(VI) acid. When a solution of barium chloride is added to the mixture, a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed indicating the presence of sulphate, ions.
(ii) Sulphur(IV) oxide is reacted with a hot solution of iron(II) chloride.
When warm iron(III) chloride solution is added to sulphur(IV) oxide the yellow colour changes to green. Sulphur(IV) oxide reduces yellow iron(III) ions, Fe3+(aq) to pale green iron(II), Fe2+(aq) ions.
(iii) Sulphur (IV) Oxide is reacted with hydrogen peroxide
Similarly, hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water.
(Iv) A burning splint is lowered into a gas jar containing Sulphur (IV) oxide.
When a burning splint is lowered into a test-tube containing sulphur(IV) oxide, it is put off showing that the gas does not support combustion or burn. However, in the presence of a catalyst, the gas is oxidised to sulphur(VI) oxide.
Oxidising Action of Sulphur(IV) Oxide
Sulphur (IV) Oxide also acts as an Oxidising agent. It oxidises burning magnesium to magnesium oxide and hydrogen sulphide to Sulphur.
Discussion Questions
Explain the observations made when burning magnesium is lowered into a gas jar of sulphur(IV) oxide.
When burning magnesium is lowered into a gas jar of sulphur(IV) oxide, it continues to burn for some time. White fumes of magnesium oxide, and yellow specks of sulphur are formed.
Burning magnesium continues to burn in sulphur(IV) oxide because the heat produced by the burning magnesium decomposes the sulphur(IV) oxide to sulphur and oxygen. The magnesium combines with the oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
In this reaction, sulphur(IV) oxide is an oxidising agent, supplying oxygen to magnesium.
Explain the observations made when a gas jar of dry hydrogen sulphide gas is inverted over a test-tube containing Sulphur(IV) Oxide and a few drops of water added.
When a gas jar of dry hydrogen sulphide gas is inverted over a test-tube containing dry sulphur(IV) oxide, there is no observable change. When a few drops of water are added into each gas jar and the mixture is shaken, a yellow deposit of sulphur is produced.
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
The reaction only takes place when the gases are moist. Sulphur(IV) oxide acts as an oxidising agent.
Sulphur (VI) Oxide, SO3
Preparation of Sulphur (VI) Oxide (SO3)
In the laboratory, sulphur(VI) oxide is prepared by reacting sulphur(IV) oxide with oxygen in the presence of a platinum catalyst..
Lab Preparation of Sulphur Trioxide, SO3
Equation for the reaction taking place,
2SO2(g)+ O2(g) 2SO3(s)
Other Methods
Decomposing of sodium hydrogen sulphate.
Discussion Questions
- State the purpose of the following in the set up.
(a) Concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid.
Sulphur(IV) oxide and oxygen gases are dried by passing them through concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid
(b) Freezing salt ice mixture.
The sulphur(VI) oxide is cooled by the freezing salt-ice mixture and it solidifies.
(c) Anhydrous calcium chloride.
Since sulphur(VI) oxide is deliquescent, calcium chloride is used to keep it free from moisture
- Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the combustion tube.
2SO2(g)+ O2(g) 2SO3(s)
- Comment on the method of collection of sulphur(VI) oxide.
The sulphur(VI) oxide is cooled by the freezing salt-ice mixture and it solidifes. This allows it to be collected as illustrated.
Test for Sulphate and Sulphite ions.
The addition of bariumchloride on sodium sulphate and sodium sulphite is used to test for sulphate and sulphite ions.
Test
To 2 cm3 of sodium sulphate in a test-tube:
(i) Add 2 cm3 of barium chloride(or nitrate) solution.
(ii) To the mixture in(i) above add 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid (or dilute nitric(V) acid).
Repeat procedure (i) and (ii) using 2 cm3 solution of sodium sulphite.
Discussion Questions
- State the observations made when barium chloride solution is added to:
(a) Sodium sulphate solution and barium sulphite solutions.
When barium chloride solution is added to sodium sulphate and sodium sulphite solutions, a white precipitate is formed in each case. The white precipitates are barium sulphate and barium sulphite respectively.
- Why is the acid added to the mixture?
The acid is added to distinguish between the sulphate and sulphite ions.
When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the mixture containing barium sulphate precipitate, the precipitate does not dissolve.
However, when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the mixture containing barium sulphite precipitate, the precipitate dissolves. This is the test for sulphite ions.
BaSO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl2(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
BaSO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ba2+(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
Uses of Sulphur(VI) Oxide
Sulphur(VI) oxide is used:
- As a major raw material in the large scale manufacture of sulphuric(VI) acid.
- To make calcium hydrogen sulphite, Ca(HSO3)2, used to bleach wood pulp in the manufacture of paper.
- As a fumigant.
- As a preservative in jam and fruit juices.
Sulphuric (VI) acid
Large Scale Manufacture of Sulphuric(VI) Acid
Sulphuric(IV) acid is manufactured by the contact process shown below.
The raw materials for its manufacture are sulphur(IV) oxide and air.
Sulphides or sulphur are burnt in air to produce sulphur(IV) oxide.
- Burning of sulphur is the most convenient method of producing sulphur(IV) oxide.
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
The sulphur(IV) oxide contains dust particles as impurities.
- The impurities reduce the surface area of the catalyst, thus impairing its efficiency. These impurities are said to poison the catalyst.
- The dust impurities are removed by electrostatic precipitation.
The mixture of gases is passed through concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid in order to dry it.
After purification, the gaseous mixture is pre-heated in the heat exchanger to attain suitable reaction temperature before being passed into the catalytic chamber.
In the catalytic chamber, sulphur(IV) oxide and oxygen react to form sulphur(VI) oxide.
Either platinum or vanadium(V) oxide may be used as catalyst.
- However, the vanadium(V) oxide(V2O5) is preferred because it is cheaper and less easilypoisoned.
For maximum yield of sulphur(VI) oxide in the contact process, low temperature and high pressure are necessary.
- However, at low temperature the reaction is slow while high pressure is expensive tomaintain. A temperature of 450°C and pressure of 2 to 3 atmospheres are used and are referred to as optimum conditions.
The sulphur(VI) oxide is not dissolved directly in water because the excessive heat generated could boil the acid to produce a mist of fine droplets of sulphuric(VI) acid in air. Hence, the gas is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid to form oleum (H2S2O7).
- Sulphuric(VI) acid is obtained by diluting oleum with water.
H2S2O7(1) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l)
During the contact process, not all the sulphur(IV) oxide is converted into sulphur (VI) oxide: only 98% conversion of sulphur(IV) oxide to sulphur(VI) oxide occurs.
- Sulphur(IV) oxide is a pollutant, passing the exhaust gases through chimneys lined with calcium hydroxide reduces the amount of sulphur(IV) oxide released to the atmosphere. This is referred to as scrubbing the gas.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s) + H2O(l)
- In some industries, filters fitted with strong alkalis are installed to remove any traces of acid or mist from exhaust gases.
Properties of Sulphuric(VI) acid
Concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid is a colourless oily liquid.
It has a density of 1.84 g/cm3 and boils at 338°C.
It is very soluble in water. It dissolves with evolution of heat (exothermic reaction)
Concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid is hygroscopic. This property makes the acid a suitable drying agent for gases which do not react with it. The acid readily removes water from hydrated salts.
Concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid is a strong dehydrating agent.
A dehydrating agentis a substance which is capable of removing chemically combined water or the elements of water from a compound.
The process of removing water or its elements from a compound is called dehydration.
The acid dehydrates alcohols to to alkenes, methanoic acid to carbon(II) oxide and sugar to carbon. The sugar crystals are charred to a black mass when concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid is added to it.
Hot concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid is a strong oxidising agent.It oxidises metals such as copper and non metals such as carbon and sulphur.
It is also a less volatile acid and displaces more volatile acids from their salts.
Discussion Questions
- Explain why the acid should be added to water and not water to acid.
If water is added to the acid, fumes are produced since the reaction is quite exothermic. For this reason, dilution of the concentrated acid should always be carried out by adding small portions of the acid slowly to a large volume of water with constant stirring.
- Explain the observation made when concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid was added to:
(a) Copper(II) sulphate crystals.
When the acid is added to blue crystals of copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate, CuSO4.5H2O, a white powder of the anhydrous salt is formed.
- Sugar crystals.
When concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid is added to sugar crystals, the crystals are charred to a black mass.
(c) Methanoic acid and ethanol
Methanoic acid is dehydrated to form carbon(II) oxide.
The acid also dehydrates alcohols to alkenes.
- Explain the observations made when concentrated sulphuric(IV) acid was reacted with:
(a) Copper and zinc metals
When copper or zinc metal is added to concentrated sulphuric(IV) acid, a gas is produced which turns acidified potassium chromate(VI) solution from orange to green and decolourises acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution.
Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(l) CuSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Zn(s) + 2H2SO4(l) ZnSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(b) Carbon and Sulphur powder.
Hot concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid oxidises non-metals such as sulphur and carbon.
S(s) + 2H4SO4(l) 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 2SO2(g) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)
- Explain the observation made when concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid was added toPotassium nitrate crystals and Sodium chloride.
Concentrated sulphuric(IV) acid is a less volatile acid. It displaces more volatile acids from their salts.
KNO3(s) + H2SO4(l) HNO3(g) + KHSO4(s)
NaCl(s) + H2SO4(l) HCl(s) + NaHSO4(s)
Reactions of Dilute Sulphuric(VI) Acid
Reactions with metals
When dilute sulphuric(VI) acid is added to magnesium or zinc, an effervescence occurs as a colourless gas which produces a ‘pop’ sound when a burning splint is applied is produced. The reaction between magnesium and dilute sulphuric acid is more vigorous than that of zinc and dilute sulphuric(VI) acid.
Mg(s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Copper is below hydrogen in the reactivity series of the metals. It does not therefore displace hydrogen from dilute sulphuric(VI) acid.
The reactions between metals high in the reactivity series such as potassium and sodium with dilute acids are very violent and should never be attempted. The vigour of the reaction decreases as you go down the reactivity series.
Reactions with carbonates.
Effervescence occurs when dilute sulphuric(VI) acid is added to the carbonates of zinc, sodium and copper. The colourless gas produced forms a white precipitate with lime water showing that it is carbon(IV) oxide.
ZnCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Na2CO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(s)
The reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid stops soon after it starts. This is because the calcium sulphate produced during the reaction is insoluble.
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The insoluble calcium sulphate forms a coating on the sulphate calcium preventing further contact with the acid. As a result the reaction stops. Lead(II) carbonate behaves in a similar manner.
Reaction with metal oxides and hydroxides
When dilute sulphuric(VI) acid reacts with a metal oxide or hydroxide, a salt and water are formed. However, those metal oxides whose sulphates are insoluble react only for a short while.
Thus, the reaction between dilute sulphuric(VI) acid, and lead(II) oxide stops almost immediately. This is due to the formation of an insoluble layer of lead(II) sulphate which effectively prevents further contact between the acid and the oxide.
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Uses of Sulphuric(VI) acid
- Manufacture of fertilisers.
- Processing of metal ores.
- Manufacture of detergents.
- Manufacture of plastics.
- Manufacture of dyes and paints.
- Used in lead acid accumulators
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Hydrogen sulphide is a gaseous compound of sulphur which is very poisonous. It occurs naturally in some deposits mixed with natural gas.
Preparation and properties of hydrogen sulphide
The set-up below can be used to prepare hydrogen sulphide.
.
Hydrogen sulphide is formed when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron(II) sulphide.
FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
However, any metal sulphide, and dilute acid can be used to prepare hydrogen sulphide gas.
The gas is collected over warm water since it dissolves in cold water.
The gas can be dried by passing it through a U-tube packed withanyhydrous calcium chloride.
The gas cannot be dried using concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid because it would be oxidised to sulphur.
3H2S(g) + H2SO4(l) 4S(s) + 4H2O(l)
Physical properties of hydrogen sulphide
Hydrogen sulphide is a colourless gas with a characteristic smell of rotten eggs. It is very poisonous. It is slightly soluble in cold water. It is denser than air.
Chemical properties of hydrogen sulphide
(a) Reaction with water
Hydrogen sulphide dissolves in water to form a weak acidic solution of H2S(aq).
Aqueous hydrogen sulphide is a weak dibasic acid. It forms two types of salts, the hydrogen sulphides, and the sulphides, e.g., sodium hydrogen sulphide (NaHS) and sodium sulphide (Na2S).
(b) Reaction with Oxygen
Hydrogen sulphide burns in air with a pale blue flame. In a limited supply of air, sulphur and water are formed.
2H2S(g) + O2(g) 2S(s) + 2H2O(g)
In excess air, sulphur(IV) oxide and water are formed.
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(c) Reactions of hydrogen sulphide as a reducing agent
Hydrogen sulphide is a strong reducing agent and is readily oxidised to sulphur, which is precipitated as a yellow solid. Red-brown bromine water is reduced by hydrogen sulphide forming colourless hydrogen bromide solution and a yellow precipitate of sulphur.
Br2(aq) + H2S(g) 2HBr(aq) + S(s)
Yellow iron(III) chloride in solution is reduced to green iron(II) chloride.
H2S(g) + 2FeCl3(aq) 2FeCl2(aq) + S(s) + 2HCl(aq)
Acidified purple potassium manganate(VII) solution is reduced to a colourless manganese(II) solution.
Similarly, acidified orange chromate(VI) is reduced to green chromium(III) ions solution.
A solution of hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water, and a yellow precipitate of sulphur is formed.
H2O2(aq) + H2S(g) 2H2O(l) + S(s)
Brown fumes of nitrogen(IV) oxide are produced and pale yellow sulphur is deposited when hydrogen sulphide is bubbled into dilute nitric(V) acid.
2HNO3(aq) + H2S(g) 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + S(s)
Dilute sulpharic(VI) acid is reduced to sulphur by hydrogen sulphide.
H2SO4(aq) + 3H2S(g) 4S(s) + 4H2O(T)
(d) Reaction with aqueous metallic ious
Hydrogen sulphide reacts with some metal ions in solution to form precipitates of metal sulphides. When bubbled through aqueous copper(II) sulphate, a black precipitate of copper(II) sulphide is formed.
Cu2+(aq) + S2-(aq) CuS(s)
Other metal sulphides are precipitated as shown by the following ionic equations.
Zn2+(aq) + S2-(aq) ZnS(s)
Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq) PbS(s)
Fe2+(aq) + S2-(aq) FeS(s)
Most sulphides are insoluble in water except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium. When equal volumes of equimolar hydrogen sulphide and sodium hydroxide solutions are reacted, sodium hydrogen sulphide, an acid salt is formed.
NaOH(aq) + H2S(aq) NaHS(aq) + H2O(l)
When excess sodium hydroxide is used sodium sulphide, a normal salt is formed.
2NaOH(aq) + H2S(aq) Na2S(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Pollution of the Atmosphere by Compounds of Sulphur
Sulphur compounds especially sulphur(IV) oxide and hydrogen sulphide, are among the major atmospheric pollutants. Sulphur(IV) oxide is usually emitted into the atmosphere when sulphur containing fuels are burnt. Some sulphur(IV) oxide is also emitted during the extraction of metals such as copper and in the manufacture of sulphuric(VI) acid. In the atmosphere sulphur(IV) oxide dissolves in water to form sulphuric(IV) acid.
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
The sulphuric(IV) acid is then oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to sulphuric(VI) acid, which comes down as acid rain or acid fog. These have serious environmental effects. These include:
- Stunted growth in plants due to loss of chlorophyll from plants’ leaves.
- Death of plants as a result of defoliation.
- Destruction of aquatic life in acidified lakes.
- Corrosion of stone work on buildings.
- Corrosion of metallic structures.
- Leaching of minerals in the soil.
- Irritation of the respiratory system
Review Exercises
- 2006 Q 6
In an experiment to study the properties of concentrated sulphuric acid, a mixture of the acid and wood charcoal was heated in a boiling tube.
- Write the equation of the reaction that took place in the boiling tube. (1 mark)
- Using oxidation numbers, show that reduction and oxidation reactions took place in the boiling tube. (2 marks)
- 2006 Q 16
When hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into an aqueous solution of iron (III) chloride, a yellow precipitate was deposited.
- State another observation that was made. (1 mark)
- Write an equation for the reaction that took place. (1 mark)
- What type of reaction was undergone by hydrogen by hydrogen sulphide in this reaction? (1 mark)
- 2006 Q 27 P1
Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
- Name reagent z. (1mark)
- Describe the process which takes place in step 2. (1mark)
- Identify the white solid. (1mark)
- 2006 Q 4 P2
- The diagram below shows some processes that take place during the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid.
- Write the equation for the reaction in which sulphur dioxide gas is produced. (1 mark)
- Why is it necessary to keep the gases pure and dry? (1 mark)
- Describe the process that takes place in chamber G. (1 mark)
- Name the gases that escape into the environment. (1 mark)
- State and explain the harmful effect on the environment of one of the gases named in (iv) above (1 mark)
- Give one reason why it is necessary to use a pressure of 2-3 atmospheres and not more. (1 mark)
- (i) Complete the table below to show the observations made when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to the substances shown. (2 marks)
| Substance | Observation |
| Iron fillings | |
| Crystals of white sugar |
(ii) Give reasons for the observations made using:
- iron fillings (1 mark)
- Crystals of white sugar. (1 mark)
- Name one fertilizer made from sulphuric acid. (1 mark)
- Suggest a reason why BaSO4(a pigment made from sulphuric acid) would be suitable in making paint for cars. (1 mark)
- 2007 Q 30 P1
Below is a sketch of a graph showing the change in viscosity? (Ease of flow) with temperature when solid sulphur is heated.
Describe what happens to the sulphur molecules when sulphur is heated from 150 °C to about 200 °C. (2 marks)
- 2008 Q 8 P1
- State the observation made at the end of the experiment when a mixture of iron powder and sulphur is heated in a test tube. (1 mark)
- Write an equation for the reaction the product in (a) above and dilute hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)
- When a mixture of iron powder and sulphur is heated, it glows more brightly than that of iron fillings and sulphur. Explain this observation. (1 mark)
- 2008 Q 9 P1
Zinc reacts with both concentrated and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Write equations for the two reactions. (2 marks)
- 2008 Q 30 P1
Crude oil contains sulphur. What would be the effect to the environment of using fuel containing sulphur? (1 mark)
- 2009 Q 22 P1
A student added very dilute sulphuric (VI) acid to four substance and recorded the observations shown in the table below.
| Test | Substance | Gas given off |
| 1 | Sodium | Yes |
| 2 | Iron | No |
| 3 | Carbon | Yes |
| 4 | Copper | No |
For which tests are the observations wrong? Explain. (3 marks)
- 2010 Q 11 P1 ,2016 Q26 P1
Hydrogen sulphide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. It is normally prepared in a fume chamber.
- Name two reagents that can be used to prepare hydrogen sulphide in the laboratory. (1 mark)
- One of the uses of hydrogen sulphide is to produce sulphur as shown in the following equation;
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
Identify the reducing agent in this reaction and give a reason for your answer. (1 mark)
- Other than production of sulphuric (IV) acid, state one commercial use of sulphur. (1 mark)
- 2011 Q 17 P1
The set up below was used to prepare a gas and study some of its properties.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:
- State and explain the observations made in the.
- tube labelled A; (1 mark)
- beaker labelled B. (1 mark)
- State one precaution that should be taken when carrying out this experiment. (1 mark)
- 2011 Q 1 P2
The flow chart below shows some of the processes involved in large scale production of sulphuric (VI) acid. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
- Describe how oxygen is obtained from air on a large scale. (3 marks)
- (i) Name substance A. (1 mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the process that takes place in the absorption
chamber (1 mark)
- Vanadium (V) Oxide is a commonly used catalyst in the contact process.
- Name another catalyst which can be used for this process. (1 mark)
- Give two reasons why vanadium (V) Oxide is the commonly used catalyst. (2 marks)
- State and explain the observation made when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to crystals of copper (II) sulphate in a beaker. (2 marks)
- The reaction of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid with sodium chloride produces hydrogen chloride gas. State the property of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid illustrated in this reaction. (1 mark)
- Name four uses of sulphuric (VI) acid. (2 marks)
- 2012 Q18 P1
Acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution is decolourised when sulphur (IV) oxide is bubbled through it. The equation for the reaction is given below.
2H2O (l) + 5SO2(g) +2KMnO4(aq K2SO4(aq) + 2MnSO4(a + 2H2SO4(aq)
- Which reactant is oxidised? Explain. (2 marks)
- Other than the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid, state other use of sulphur (IV) oxide (1 mark)
- 2013 Q12 P1
- What would be observed if sulphur (IV) oxide is bubbled through acidified potassium manganate(VII)? (1 mark)
- In an experiment, sulphur (IV) oxide was dissolved in water to form solution L.
- What would be observed if a few drops of barium nitrate solution were immediately added to solution L? (1 mark)
- Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurred between solution L and aqueous barium nitrate in (b) (i) above. (1 mark)
- 2013 Q3 P2
- The diagram below shows the Frasch process used for extraction of sulphur. Use it to answer the question that follows.
- Identify X. (1 mark)
- Why is it necessary to use superheated water in this process? (1 mark)
- State two physical properties of sulphur that makes it possible for it to be extracted by this method. (2 marks)
- The diagram below shows part of the process in the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Write an equation for the formation of sulphur (IV) oxide from sulphur. (1 mark)
- What is the role of concentrated sulphur (VI) acid in chamber A? (1 mark)
- Name two catalysts that can be used in the catalytic chamber B. (2 marks)
- State two roles of the heat exchanger. (1 mark)
- Explain one way in which sulphur (IV) oxide is a pollutant (1mark)
- What observation will be made when a few drops of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid are added to crystals of sugar? Explain your answer. (1 mark)
- 2014 Q11 P1
Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Identify Z and M. (2 marks)
- 2014 Q20 P1
In the contact process, during the production of sulphur (VI) oxide, a catalyst is used. Give two reasons why vanadium (V) oxide is preferred to platinum. (2 marks)
- 2015 Q17 P1
- One of the allotropes of sulphur is rhombic sulphur, name the other allotrope. (1 mark)
- Concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid reacts with ethanol and copper.
State the property of the acid shown in each case. (2 marks)
- Ethanol
- Copper ………………………………………………………………………………..
- 2015 Q5 P2
- The set up below can be used to generate a gas without heating. This occurs when substance M reacts with solid N.
- Complete the table below giving the names of substance M and solid N if the gasses generated are chlorine and sulphur (IV) oxide. (2 marks)
- Complete the diagram above to show how a dry sample of sulphur (IV) oxide can be collected. (2 marks)
- Describe two chemical methods that can be used to test the presence of sulphur (IV)oxide. (3 marks)
- Other than the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid, state two uses of sulphur (IV) oxide. (2 marks)
- 2017 P1 Q7.
A sample of water is suspected to contain sulphate ions. Describe an experiment that can be carried out to determine the presence of sulphate ions. (3 marks)
- 2017 P2 Q3 (a)
A student used Figure 2 to investigate the action of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid on some metals.
Beaker I and II contained equal volumes of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. To beaker I, a clean iron rod was dipped and to beaker II, a clean copper rod was dipped.
- Why was it necessary to clean the metal rods? (1 mark)
- Describe the observations made in each beaker.
Beaker I: (1 mark)
Beaker II: (1 mark)
- Explain the observations in (a) (ii). (2 marks)
- 2018 P1 Q 4.
One of the allotropes of sulphur is rhombic sulphur.
- Name the other allotrope of sulphur. (1 mark)
- Draw a diagram to show the shape of the allotrope named in (a) above. (1 mark)
- Write an equation for the reaction between concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid and sulphur. (1 mark)
- 2019 P1 Q9.
Sulphur(IV) oxide is prepared in the laboratory using the set-up in Figure 3.
Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify substance F. (1 mark)
- Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the flask. (1 mark)
- State the purpose of liquid G. (1 mark)
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