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HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

PAPER 2

TIME: 2½ hours

MOKASA 1 JOINT EXAMINATION EXAM PLUS MARKING SCHEME

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

Paper 2

Section A (25 marks)

1.      Define the term history.                                                                                (1 mark)
   • It is the study of man’s past activities/events

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

2.      Identify two methods used by archeologists to date fossils.                       (2 marks)

•      Chemical dating like Radio Carbon (/Carbon 14 method
•      Geological periods
•            Statistical dating
• Fission Track
•      Lexico Statistics
• Stratigraphy

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

3. Name one sub-species of Homo Sapiens.                                                     (1 mark)

•      Cro Magnon
•      Neanderthal man
•            Rhodesian man

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

4.      Give two characteristics of early agriculture in Europe before the Agrarian                                                                                                            (2 marks)

•      Small scale farming
•      Shifting cultivation
•            Subsistence/ peasant farming
• Use of simple tools
•      Broadcasting/scattering of seeds
• Use of open field system of farming/Strip farming
• Land belonged to the feudal land lords
• Land was unconsolidated
• They practiced inter cropping
•      They practiced common grazing
• They used human and animal labour/no machines
• Poor breeds of crops/animals were raised

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

5.      Identify one river responsible for early agriculture in Mesopotamia.       (1 mark)

• Tigris
• Euphrates

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

6.      Give two shortcomings of barter trade.                                                       (2 marks)

• Some commodities are bulky or heavy thus difficult to transport
•      It may not be easy to establish exchange rates of commodities/value
•            Perishable goods are likely to go to waste if negotiations are not done in time
• It requires coincidence of demand and supply
•      Indivisibility of some trade commodities
• It consumes time and energy

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

7.      Give two advantages of using a motorcycle as a means of transport.       (2 marks)

• They are cheap to acquire and maintain
• They are flexible
• They are readily available
• They are convenient for short distances

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

8.      Identify the person who invented the first aeroplane.                                (1 mark)

• The Wright brothers/Wilbur Wright/Orville Wright

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

9.      Name two early metals used in industrial development.                             (2 marks)

• Iron
• Steel
• Bronze
• Copper
• Gold

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

10.      Give two advantages of metal tools over stone tools.                                (2 marks)

•      They were durable.
•      They could not break easily.
•            They could be re- sharpened when blunt.
• Molten metals could be cast into a variety of shapes with patterns and designs on            
•      Broken objects could be re- worked.

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

11.      Identify one early urban centre in Europe.                                      (1 mark)

• Athens
• London

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

12.      Give the main reason for the development of Kilwa as an early urban centre.                                                                                                                                              (1 mark)

(i)        The control of Sofala gold trade

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

13.      Identify two communities that took part in the Maji Maji rebellion.        (2 marks)

• Matumbi
•      Pogoro
•            Ngindo
•     Mbunga
•      Ngoni
• Zaramo
• Luguru
• Sangu
• Wamakonde
•      Wamwere
• Ndendeule
• Bena

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

14.      Give the main reason why Europeans used scorched earth policy against African                                                                                                            (1 mark)

• To weaken them economically, socially and politically

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

15.      Name two communes in Senegal where the policy of assimilation was applied                                                                                                         (2 marks)

• Louis
•      Goree
•            Dakar
•  Rufisque

Any 2 point @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

16.      Name the policy adopted by France and Britain to avoid the outbreak of another       war after the First World War.                                                                    (1 mark)

• Appeasement policy

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

17.     Identify the immediate cause of the Second World War.                           (1 mark)

• German invasion of neutral Belgium

1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

Section B (45 marks)

18.        (a)     Identify five hunting methods used by early man.               (5 marks)

• Digging pits for them to fall into them
• Using traps/snares
• Chasing them and throwing weapons at them
• Driving animals towards swampy/muddy/water bodies
• Driving animals over cliffs
• Using other animals like dogs
• Chasing animals until they get tired
• Poisoning/drugging the animals

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

  (b)     Describe the culture of man in the Middle Stone Age period.        (10 marks)

• Man continued hunting and gathering especially big animals
• Man-made tools like hand axes using levallois method.
• Man did fishing on rivers and lakes
• They lived in groups and camps for protection purposes
• They made shelters and also lived in caves.
• They used simple hunting methods of chasing animals and throwing stones at them as well as using traps
• They started wearing animal skins as clothing
• They painted themselves using red ochre and oil
• Distinct language developed to enhance communication
• Rock painting was done on cave walls and rocks.
• They decorated themselves with necklaces made from seeds and animal bones
• Fire was made during this period and was used for a number of purposes like providing warmth during cold seasons

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

19.    (a)       Identify five methods used to acquire slaves during the Trans-Atlantic slave                                                                                                                             (5 marks)
    •      Raids organized by chiefs
    •      Sale of war captives
    •            Leaders sold their subjects to enrich themselves/ slaves were exchanged with     European products
    • They were obtained through kidnapping
    •      Social misfits were sold
    • Through enticement /trickery
    • Selling of debtors/ panyarring

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b)       Explain five factors responsible for the decline of the Trans-Atlantic slave             trade.                                                                                                  (10 marks)

•    The rise of humanitarian movement in Britain which viewed slave trade as unjust      and inhuman e.g. William Wilberforce, James Fox and Thomas Clarkson.
•    Leading economists like Adams Smith argued that free people were more                  productive than slave labour.
•            The development of industrial revolution in Britain shifted the demand of slaves             to agricultural produce.
• Resistance by Africans both in West Africa and in the new world made the     Europeans to abandon the activity.
•    The need to discourage mass migration of population from Africa so as to retain       market for European manufactured goods.
• The result of American civil war of 1865 won by those opposed to slavery led                ending the crucial slave trading/ closure of the slave market in the United States       of America
• The coming of Christian missionaries who condemned the activity as unchristian.
• The attainment of independence by the USA in 1776 left Britain without colonies where they could take slaves to work.
• The use of machines in farms and industries rendered slave labour unnecessary.
•    Effects from the French revolution of 1789 spread liberty and equality among all            thus discouraged slave trade.
• Development of legitimate trade which was more profitable and less costly                            replaced slave trade and slavery.
• Britain influenced other European countries to stop the slave trade by signing anti slave trade treaties.

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

20.     (a)       List five traditional forms of communication.                                  (5 marks)

•      Drum beats
•      Horn blowing
•            Messengers/human beings/runners/birds/animals
• Fire and smoke signals
•      Gestures and signals/body movements
• Flags
• Bells
• Whistles
• Screams and cries/whistles
•      Semaphores   

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b)       Explain five negative impacts of modern means of communication.                                                                                                                                              (10 marks)

•    Some have promoted immorality through watching of pornographic films.
•    They have promoted international crime and drug abuse.
•             It has encouraged idleness and addiction to programmes by viewers.
• They have created unemployment
•    Some are expensive to buy and install
• Some like radios and televisions cause noise pollution
• Some programmes on televisions promote violence
• Prolonged exposure to computer screens cause eye problems
•  Mobile phones can cause illnesses through exposure to radioactive rays

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)                      

21.      (a)       Give five economic activities of the Shona Empire during the pre-colonial                                                                                                                              (5 marks)
    • They grew crops/ agriculture
    • They kept livestock
    • They traded with Arabs and Swahili traders/ took part in long distance trade/ trade
    • They hunted elephants for ivory
    • They were iron worked/ blacksmiths
    • They made clothes from wild cotton/ bark fibres
    • They mined gold
    • They were fishermen
    • They gathered/ gathering

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b)       Discuss the social organization of the Asante Empire in the pre-colonial             period.                                                                                                (10 marks)

• The kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke Akan or Twi    
•    The Asante were organized in clans.
•            Marriage between members of the same clan was prohibited. They practiced             exogamy and polygamy.
• Inheritance of property was matrilineal.
•    The community was bound together by the golden stool.
• There was an annual cultural festival (Odwira) held at Kumasi to honour the    
• The society was divided into social classes (social stratification).
• The Asante worshipped many gods and goddesses/polytheists.
• The King, chiefs and Omanhenes were religious leaders (semi divine).
•    The ancestors mediated between god and the people.
• They believed in a supreme god called Onyame.

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

Section C (30 marks) 

22. (a)       Give three methods used by African nationalist in South Africa in their                   struggle for independence.                                                                (3 marks)

•    Formation of trade unions to fight for workers’ rights.
•    Formation of political parties to air their grievances e.g. ANC
•            The use of mass media e.g. radios and newspapers
•   Leaders engaged in direct negotiation with the government.
•    Many detained nationalists went on hunger strike
• Imposition of economic sanctions by international organizations like U.N.O
• The churches took part in protest demonstrations e.g. the Anglican Church
• Through armed resistance e.g. the armed wing of ANC
• Use of boycotts and strikes against the regime.
•    They also organized protests and demonstrations.

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b)       Explain six problems encountered by nationalists in Ghana in their struggle             for independence.                                                                              (12 marks)

•    The nationalists were arrested/ detained
• The political parties were banned
•            The government enacted pass laws which restricted            movement thus
• They lacked adequate funds to finance the struggle thus slowing their          
•    They lacked press freedom making it difficult for them to spread their                                    
• They lacked advanced weapons thereby making them less effective in            their armed struggle.
• They had different approaches in their struggle (moderate/radical     wings)                         thus creating a loophole which was exploited by the government.
• Use of divide and rule policy to divide the Africans.
• Rivalry between political parties e.g. CPP and NLDtowards o

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

23.      (a)       Give three terms of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885.             (3 marks)

•    African territories were partitioned thus effective sphere of influence.
•    The Niger, Congo, Nile and Zambezi rivers were declared free areas for     European navigation.
•            The Congo basin was given to Leopold’s (II)’s International African Association..
• The European nations vowed to protect missionaries and traders in their areas       irrespective of their nationalities.
•    It was unanimously agreed that slave trade be stopped in favour of legitimate           
• European powers reasserted their occupation and control of the African    
• Nations were encouraged to use peaceful means in solving their differences.
• Any state laying claim of any part of Africa must inform other interested groups.
• The European countries with coastal possessions in Africa could have the     immediate hinterland as their sphere of influence.

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b)       Explain six results of Buganda collaboration.                                  (12 marks)

•    It led to loss of independence.
•    It led to introduction of Christianity and European influence in Buganda.
•            Islamic influence declined.
• Buganda got protection from external enemies like Bunyoro.
•    Kabaka gained recognition and was referred to as His highness.
• Kabakas power was gradually eroded as British administrators gave authority to         his officers.
• Buganda was given an advantageous position in the colonial administration and was helped to conquer other communities.
• Buganda advanced more economically than other communities as it acquired European manufactured goods like clothes.
• Buganda benefited from western education and medicine.

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

24.     (a)       Outline the structure of the League of Nations.                             (3 marks)

•    The Council
•    The Secretariat
•            The International Court Of Justice
• The International Labour Organization
•    The Mandates Commission
• The Assembly
• The Minorities Committee

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b)       Explain six causes of the Second World War.                                 (12 marks)

•    The rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his determination to restore Germany’s lost         
•    Unfavourable conditions imposed on Germany by the treaty of Versailles     humiliated and made her nurse a grudge against the allied powers.
•            The growths of nationalism made countries to be inward looking and therefore were reluctant to participate in international issues.
• The great depression of the 1930s intensified economic instability and forced     some countries to practice economic protectionism.
•    The inability of the League of Nations to implement its resolutions and punish      those who violated them encouraged the aggressors to pursue their objectives/           ambitions and this intensified tension in the world.
• The policy of appeasement practiced by France and Britain encouraged the     dictators to carry on with their acts of aggression
• Establishment of alliances between major powers encouraged acts of aggression because of the feeling of mutual support
• The rise of dictators in the 1920’s and 1930’s destroyed democratic rights
• Armament and increased armed forces increased tension contrary to the wishes of the Versailles treaty
•    The Spanish civil war (1936 – 1939).
• Territorial violations e.g. in 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia,

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)