HISTORY 311/1 QUESTIONS & MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (25marks)
Answer all questions
- Name one source of the history of Kenyan community during pre-colonial period
- Oral tradition
- Anthropology
- Linquistics
- Genetics
- Written sources
- Archeology 1×1=1 mk
- Name one city state that developed on the Kenyan coast by 1500 AD
- Mombasa
- Gedi
- Sofala
- Vumba
- Lamu
- Kilwa e.t.c. 1×1=1 mk
- State two reasons why the Akamba participated in the long distance trade
- Their land was unsuitable for agriculture
- Their land was centrally situated between the coast and the interior making it possible for them to
- High demand for ivory
- Availability of trade goods
- They were skilled traders 2×1=2 mks
- State one negative effect of the Indian Ocean trade before 1500 AD
- Importation of goods led to decline of local industries
- Led to destruction of wild life due to increased demand for ivory
- East Coast was exposed to foreigners who eventually colonized the region
- It increased inter – communal warfare due to the demand of slaves
- Name the Nandi leader during their resistance to the British colonial rule
– Koitalel Arap samoei 1×1=1mk
- State two effects of the land alienation on the Africans
- Led to widespread poverty among Africans
- Led to development of the squatter system
- Africans were pushed into created reserves and marginal areas
- Led to overcrowding in reserves
- Led to misery, low wages and poor working conditions among Africans 2×1=2 mks
- Name two chartered companies that acquired colonies in east Africa
- I.B.E.A. Co
- G.E.A Co 2×1=2 mks
- State two factors which undermine the performance of local authorities in Kenya
- Inadequate funds – to finance them services
- Lack of administrative autonomy since the ministry of local government has wide powers above
- Tax evasion- by individuals and organizations which pose a problem for their operations
- Mismanagement due to lack of qualified staff/ nepotism/ tribalism
- Population pressure which puts a lot of strain to the local authorities making it impossible to provide adequate social services e.g. water, housing e.t.c.
- Size of local authority – the power given to the minister to upgrade local authorities has been misused whereas some are too small and too poor to undertake responsibility expected of them
- Name the British governor that was involved in the drafting of the Kenyan multi-racial
constitution in 1954
Lyttleton 1×1=1
- State two reasons why the Kenyan prisons are categorized
- Gender sensitivity/ sex
- Age
- Different crimes committed
- Identify two types of local authorities in Kenya
- County councils
- City councils
- Municipal councils
- Town councils
- Urban and area councils 2×1=2 mks
- State one function of the Orkoiyot in the pre colonial Kenya
- Settled disputes
- Presided over religious functions
- Maintained law and order
- Blessed warriors before going to war
- Give two reasons why the British used direct rule in administering most parts of Kenya
- Had enough manpower
- Most Kenyan communities resisted colonial rule
- Most communities had decentralized system of government except the Wanga
- Had capital 2×1=2 mks
- State two ways one can become a Kenyan citizen
- By birth
- By registration
- Naturalization 2×1=2 mks
- State two challenges facing the free primary education in Kenya
- Congestion/ over crowding in schools
- Delays in disbursement of funds
- Inadequate teachers
- Corruption/ mismanagement of funds meant for free primary education 2×1=2 mks
- Give the main function of the Kenya anti corruption commission of Kenya (KACC)
To investigate cases of corruption and make public the findings 1×1=1 mk
- Who appoints the district commissioner in Kenya
The President
SECTION B
- (a) Describe the social organization of the mijikenda during the pre colonial period
- It was clan based
- Lived in fortified villages/ kayas
- People had defined roles
- Had social ceremonies such as planting and harvesting
- Practiced polygamy and payment of dowry
- Believed in supreme being known as Mulungu
- Worshipped ancestral spirits
- Had prophets and medicine men
- Practiced circumcision 7×1=7 mks
(b) Explain the effects of Bantu migration and settlement in Kenya
- Led to increase in population in the regions they settled
- Spread iron working into the regions and other communities like the Luo adopted the art
- Led to trading activities e.g. agikuyu and Maasai, Abagusii and Luo
- Led to exchange of knowledge i.e. Bantu adopted age set system and practice of circumcision from the cushites
- Enrichment of languages due to word borrowing
- Led to cultural interaction of Bantu hence assimilated some Southern Cushites and some Bantu were assimilated by Nilotes and Cushites
- Led to displacement of some communities e.g. the Gumba and athi
- Led to intermarriages with other communities 8×1=8 mks
- (a) Identify five grievances of the kikuyu central association against the British colonial
government in Kenya
- Releases of harry Thuku
- End of Kipande system
- Return alienated land of the Agikuyu
- Demand for African representation in Legco
- An elected Kikuyu paramount chief
- Increased educational opportunities for Africans 5×2=10 mks
(b) Describe at least five roles played by Ronald Ngala in the struggle for independence in Kenya
- He joined the coast association (CAA) in 1947 which expressed the problems and hopes of the Mijikenda people
- He was a founder member of the Mombasa african Democratic Union
- He also helped to form the Kilifi African Peoples Union
- In 1957 he was elected to the Legco to represent coast rural constituency
- He was the treasurer of AEMO
- AEMO forced the colonial government to introduce the Lennox- Boyd constitution of 1958
- He was instrumental in the formation of KADU to defend the interests of the minority African groups against possible domination by KANu
- He became the president of KADU
- He attended the first Lancaster House Conference to discuss the independence
- He supported and called for the release of detained leaders
- 1960, he was appointed minister for labour, social security and adult education
- 1961, KADU under the leadership of Ngala formed the 1st independence government
- In 1962 he became minister of state for constitutional affairs
- In 1963 he was elected to the House of representatives as a member of Kilifi 5×2=10 mks
- (a) State five factors that contributed to the growth of Nairobi city in Kenya
- Availability of water
- Construction of the Kenya- Uganda railway – it acted as a railway depot
- Was centrally placed- acted as intersection of different transport routes
- Trading activities
- Establishment of administrative posts/ military posts
- Good climate suitable for farming and settlement
- Cool temperatures which favoured the European settlement
- Flat land suitable for railway workshops hence encouraged settlements 5×1=5 mks
(b) Explain the positive effects of urbanization to Kenya
- Created employment opportunities for many Africans
- Led to formation of tribal/ social welfare associations
- Promoted national integration
- Led to small entrepreneurship e.g. traders to earn a living
- Led to rise of trade unions to promote the welfare of workers
- Led to cultural interaction
- Created market for agricultural products in the surrounding environment
- Industries expanded due to availability of labour 5×2=10 mks
- (a) State five features of early political associations in Kenya between 1919-1935
- They were ethnic based
- Their grievances were quite similar
- They did not advocate for independence but clamored for better living conditions and an end to colonial exploitation
- They did not attract a large following
- They were led by mission educated young men
- Non- militarial
- Formed in response to social economic problems 5×1=5mks
(b) Explain five factors that promoted the growth of African nationalism in Kenya between
1945 and 1963
- African participation in the 2nd world War
- Indians and Burmas independence in 1947 and 1948 respectively, gave nationalists a strong urge to fight for their liberation
- KAU mobilized Africans against colonial office to institute constitutional changes
- African elected members in the Legco put pressure through their organization AEMO
- Ghana’s independence in 1957 under Kwameh Nkrumah championed the cause of nationalist struggle through Pan Africanism
- Formation of national political parties such as KANU, KADU and APP intensified the struggle
- Jomo Kenyatta played a great role of trying to unite Kenyan against colonial rule
- British labour party took over power after 1945 and its policies were against colonization
- Maumau activities- made Africans more determined to achieve independence through oathing
SECTION C(30MKS)
Answer any two questions
- (a) What factors led to the development of multi-party democracy in Kenya in the early 1990
- Western aid conditions – a number of countries made it clear that they would grant aid only to developing countries that embraced democratic policies and pluralistic politics
- Unification of Germany – it marked the end of the cold war and communism USSR lot her power in the world leaving USA to promote its political ideology of advocating liberal democracy throughout the world
- Political changes in the USSR e.g. some of her republics broke away from the union and started independent governments. These developments spelt change for Kenya
- Multi- party having been successful in other countries e.g. Zambia
- Pressure from the church e.g. Rev Njoya, Bishop Muge and Bishop Henry Okullo
- Dissatisfaction with the 1988 general election that were alleged to have been rigid due to the queuing system
- KANU’s response to criticism e.g. those who criticized the government for corruption and other ills were arrested and others expelled from KANU
- Pressure from lawyers and journalists
- Saitoti review committee report of 1990. as a result of the recommendations section 2A of the constitution was reviewed reverting the country to a multi- party democracy
(b) Explain how the existence of many parties has promoted democracy in Kenya
- They provide Kenyans with an opportunity to join parties of their choice
- They promote accountability and transparency in the government
- They mobilize people to participate in democratic process as well as development
- They create public awareness on certain issues e.g. referendum
- They help provide an alternative perspectives on parliamentary debate on certain issues like children’s rights and environment sell alternatives ideas to the citizens
- They check the excesses of the government by letting the public know the ills being done by the government e.g. Anglo- leasing scandal
- They lay more ground for training the future leaders 5×2=10 mks
- (a) Give three symbols of national unity in Kenya
- The flag
- National anthem
- Loyalty pledge
- Coat of arms
- National awards 3×1=3 mks
(b) Explain six factors which promote national unity in Kenya
- National languages i.e. Kiswahili and English
- Education – pupils are drawn from different ethnic groups to interact freely in public and private schools
- The constitution – protects all Kenyan from any form of discrimination based on race, colour, tribe e.t.c.
- Intermarriages, sports and games
- Equal distribution of resources e.g. hospitals, schools
- National philosophies e.g. Harambee and Nyayoism call unity among different ethnic communities to pull together their resources for development- they emphasize peace, love and unity
- Urbanization
- The institution of the presidency – he represents and protects all Kenyans 6×2=12 mks
- (a) state five ways through which the Kenyan government raises its revenue
- Direct taxes e.g. paye, stamp duty and capital gains tax
- Indirect taxes e.g. sales tax, custom duty, excise duty, VAT
- Sale of government bonds and treasury bills
- Profit acquired by parastatals
- Charges on provision of government services e.g. water, electricity, medical treatment
- Land rates levies on land paid by citizens and companies as rent
- House rent from government buildings
- Fees/ levies on fuel and mining fees paid by millers
- Court fines
- Tourism fees paid as entrance to game reserves and national parks 5×1=5 mks
(b) Describe ways in which the parliament in Kenya controls government expenditure
- Public investment committee ensures that public finance is spent for the intended purpose
- Before any money is allocated to the government ministries and departments, it has to be approved by parliament
- Government estimates have to be approved by parliament after they are prepared and presented by the minister for finance on budget day
- All supplementary estimates must be approved by parliament and it also demands an explanation when money has to be returned to the treasury
- Parliament requires all government expenditure to be audited and the audited reports presented to it for scrutiny and debate. This is done by the public Accounts Committee
5×1=10mks
