<p><strong>K.C.S.E HISTORY &; GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 2005</strong></p>
<p><strong>SECTION A (25 mks)</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>State one theory that explains the origin of people</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The evolution theory</li>
<li>The creation theory</li>
<li>Mythical or traditional theory ( Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li>Give TWO advantage of using the steam engine in the transport Industry in the</li>
</ol>
<p>nineteenth century ( 2 mks)</p>
<ul>
<li>It did not pollinate the air</li>
<li>It was cheap</li>
<li>It increased the speed of locomotives ( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Give TWO factors that led to the growth of urban centers in Greece</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The area was secure from external attacks</li>
<li>The area had a well organized administrative system</li>
<li>There was population increase due to existence of religious and educational institutions</li>
<li>There was development of trade and commerce</li>
<li>Existence of well organized military systems</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>Identify one form of picture writing during the early civilizations</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Cuneiform</li>
<li>Hieroglyphics (Any 1 x 1 = 2 mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="5">
<li>Give ONE importance of the Odwira festivals in the ancient kingdom of the Ashanti.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Promoted unity of the people</li>
<li>It brought the kings together to pledge loyalty to the Asantehene/ or Emperor</li>
<li>It provided opportunity for the kings to settle disputes</li>
<li>It provided an opportunity for the Kings to honour the dead</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<ol start="6">
<li>Identify the main commodity in the Trans Atlantic trade ( 1 mk)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) slaves ( 1 x 1) = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="7">
<li>State TWO economic effects of the industrial revolution in North America</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Machines replaced human labour in factories</li>
<li>There increased demand for raw materials in North America</li>
<li>The search for markets for manufactured goods increased</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<ol start="8">
<li>Name TWO missionary societies which worked West Africa in the nineteenth century.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Base missionary society (B.M.S)</li>
<li>Church missionary Society (C.M.S)</li>
<li>Presbyterians</li>
<li>Bremen missionary Society (B.M.S)</li>
<li>Methodists</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<ol start="9">
<li>State one way in which European nationalism contributed to the colonization of</li>
</ol>
<p>Africa</p>
<ul>
<li>Countries competed to acquire many colonies to prove that they were powerful</li>
<li>France wanted to restore her past glory after defeat in Franco- Prussian War</li>
<li>New nations such as Italy and Germany wanted to be equated with the rest of Europe.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="10">
<li>Identify TWO chartered companies which were used to administer European colonial possessions in Africa</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) The Royal Niger Company</p>
<p>(ii) The British South Africa Company</p>
<p>(iii) The Germany East Africa Company</p>
<p>(iv) The imperial British East Africa Company (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="12">
<li>Give one reason why the Shona supported the British during the Ndebele resistance of 1893.</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) To stop raids from the Ndebele</p>
<p>(ii) They did not want to be ruled by Ndebele (1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="13">
<li>Name one political party fought for independence in Ghana</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) The united Gold coast convention (UGCC)</p>
<p>(ii) The convention Peoples Party (CPP)</p>
<p>(iii) The national League of the Gold Coast (NLGC)</p>
<p>(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<ol start="14">
<li>Give TWO reasons why there were civil wares in the democratic Republic of</li>
</ol>
<p>Congo (DRC) soon after independence</p>
<ul>
<li>Lack of qualified personnel to administer the country</li>
<li>The economy of the county was in the hands of the foreigners</li>
<li>Ethnic differences between Katanga and Kasai provinces</li>
<li>Army mutinies due to the control by foreign officers</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<ol start="15">
<li>State two advantages of being a member of the commonwealth organization</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) Enables one to get aid either capital or technical</p>
<p>(ii) Enables one to develop trade links</p>
<p>(iii) Benefits from innovative economic ideas</p>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="16">
<li>Name the type of constitution used in great Britain</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) Unwritten constitution ( 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="17">
<li>Give ONE disadvantage of a federal system of government</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) There is a great temptation for succession by parts of the country</p>
<p>(ii) It can lead to unequal development ( Any 1 x 1 = 1mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>SECTION B (45 mks)</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="18">
<li>(a) What were the stages in the development of tools by early people?</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) The earliest tools were made from stones</p>
<p>(ii) People hunted animals and used bones and ivory to make tools</p>
<p>(iii) Later people used sharpened sticks as tools</p>
<ul>
<li>As people improved in technology they developed iron tools</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain SIX ways through which the development of iron technology affected African communities in the pre- colonial period</p>
<p>(i) Better farming tools were made which were used to clear large areas of forests</p>
<p>(ii) Strong weapons were made and were used to conquer weaker communities</p>
<p>(iii) Iron technology enabled communities to establish strong defence items</p>
<p>(iv) Centres where iron working took place developed into towns e.g. Meroe</p>
<ul>
<li>A class of highly respected professionals ( Blacksmiths with the knowledge of iron technology emerged)</li>
<li>Items made of iron were exchanged in trade</li>
<li>The possession of iron tools enables many communities to migrate and settle in different areas such as the Bantus</li>
<li>Ornaments were made from iron for decoration</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="19">
<li>(a) Give THREE classes of people in Hinduism</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) At the highest level are the priest/ Brahmins</p>
<p>(ii) The second level consists of merchants and farmers/ Vaishyas</p>
<p>(iii) Then there are servants and workers/ Sudras</p>
<p>(iv) At the lowest level are outcasts/ Pariah</p>
<p>( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p>(b) Explain SIX effects of the spread of Islam in Africa up to the end of the</p>
<p>19<sup>th</sup> Century</p>
<ul>
<li>Some of the Africans who were converted to Islam completely left their traditional beliefs and practices</li>
<li>Islamic Law was adopted in the administration of states where Islam spread/ Sharia</li>
<li>Islamic education based on the Koran was introduced</li>
<li>The use of Arabic language by Moslems led to the development of languages such as Kiswahili and Hausa</li>
<li>The building of mosques and residential houses introduced Arabic architectural designs in Africa.</li>
<li>Arabic style of dressing, music and diet were copied by Africans who had been converted to Islam</li>
<li>Moslem traders introduced new crops such as cloves/ dates</li>
<li>Islam created cohesiveness among the believers</li>
<li>There was intermarriages between Arabs and Africans leading to emergence of new communities such as the Waswahili</li>
<li>In areas where Islam was spread through Jihads there was great loss of life</li>
<li>The spread of Islam encouraged the development of slavery and slave trade</li>
<li>The spread of Islam encouraged establishment of Islamic empires</li>
<li>Over dependence on donations and foreign and has made people to be reluctant to grow food crops</li>
<li>Poor implementation of food policies has led to inadequate food production</li>
<li>Poor/ inadequate food storage facilities leads to wastage.</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="20">
<li>(a) What were the effects of using electricity in industries inn Europe in the</li>
</ol>
<p>nineteenth century</p>
<ul>
<li>It lowered the cost of production since it was a cheaper source of energy</li>
<li>Work was carried out for long hours as there was light</li>
<li>It enabled goods to be produced quickly and large quantities</li>
<li>Work became lighter as machines operated efficiently</li>
<li>Transportation was made easy and faster</li>
<li>There was a clean working environment in factories</li>
<li>It led to the location of industries away from sources of energy</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain FIVE effects of scientific inventions on agricultural development</p>
<p>in Europe during the nineteenth century</p>
<ul>
<li>Invention of machines such as tractors promoted large scale farming</li>
<li>Use of artificial fertilizers to improve soils led to high yields of crops</li>
<li>Use of pesticides in farming led to improved quality/ exotic products</li>
<li>Cross breeding of crops and animals led to improved quality/ exotic products</li>
<li>Improved infrastructure such as roads and railways led to effective marketing of farm products</li>
<li>Refrigeration/ canning led to effective preservation of farm products</li>
<li>Controlling temperatures in the storage rooms led to preservation of farm products for long</li>
</ul>
<p>( 10 mks)</p>
<ol start="21">
<li>(a) Give THREE problems which Europeans colonialists faced as they</li>
</ol>
<p>established their rule in Africa in the second half of the nineteenth century</p>
<ul>
<li>They were attacked by tropical diseases</li>
<li>Difficult terrain hindered their movement</li>
<li>They faced hostility from some African communities</li>
<li>The region lacked developed means of transport and communication</li>
<li>They faced shortages of food and medicine</li>
<li>There was lack of a common language between the Europeans and Africans</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 3 x1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) What were the result of the collaboration between Lewanika of the Lozi</p>
<p>and the British in the nineteenth century</p>
<ul>
<li>Lewanika received payment of £ 2000 yearly</li>
<li>He lost his authority as the administration was taken over by the British South Africa Company</li>
<li>The British South Africa Company took over the control of the minerals</li>
<li>The Lozi land was alienated and given to British settlers</li>
<li>The Lozi were forced to pay taxes in order to maintain the administration</li>
<li>The Lozi were forced to work as labourers on settler’s farms</li>
<li>The Lozi were employed in the civil service</li>
<li>The British South Africa Company developed infrastructure in Barotseland</li>
<li>The British established their rule peacefully in Northern Rhodesia</li>
<li>Lewanika was honoured with the title paramount chief until his death</li>
<li>The British used Barotseland as a base to conquer the neighbouring communities.</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>SECTION C (30 Marks)</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>Answer any TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided</em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>
<ol start="22">
<li>(a) State THREE privileges which were enjoyed by assimilated Africans in</li>
</ol>
<p>the four communes of Senegal</p>
<ul>
<li>They were allowed to vote during elections</li>
<li>They were allowed to vie for posts in the French Parliament</li>
<li>They were exempted from forced labour</li>
<li>They were allowed to work and live in France</li>
<li>They received French education</li>
<li>They had freedom of movement within the French empire</li>
<li>They were exempted from paying taxes</li>
<li>They were allowed to become French citizens</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 3 x1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p>(b) Why did French system of assimilation fail in areas outside the</p>
<p>Communes</p>
<ul>
<li>The Africans were not willing to become Christians</li>
<li>The Africans were not able to get the French type of education</li>
<li>The system faced opposition from the Muslim</li>
<li>The French parliamentarians did not want to compete with Africans for Cabinets posts</li>
<li>The African traditional rulers feared they would lose their positions</li>
<li>French traders feared competition so they opposed the system</li>
<li>It was expensive to implement the system because of the vastness of the French empire</li>
<li>The varied African cultures made it difficult for them to be absorbed into the French culture. ( Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="23">
<li>(a) What were the causes of bombing of Nagasaki and Heroshima in Japan</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) Many people lost their lives</p>
<p>(ii) Property of great value was destroyed</p>
<p>(iii) The radio active elements caused many diseases</p>
<p>(iv) Many people were maimed</p>
<p>(v) There was economic decline</p>
<p>(vi) Many People suffered psychologically</p>
<ul>
<li>Japan surrendered unconditionally</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain SIX factors which contributed to the rise of Japan as an industrial</p>
<p>power after the second World War</p>
<ul>
<li>The government made education compulsory and encouraged research leading to innovative ideas</li>
<li>People were encouraged to study abroad leading to technological advancement</li>
<li>There was financial support for industrialization</li>
<li>The availability of raw materials for industrialization from in and outside Japan</li>
<li>The culture of hard work encouraged local and foreign investment</li>
<li>The Government policies encouraged local and foreign investment</li>
<li>The cheap and skillfully made products attracted market locally and abroad</li>
<li>The topography was unsuitable for agriculture. This made Japan to develop other sectors thus diversifying the economy</li>
<li>The development of hydro- electric power provided energy for industrialization</li>
<li>The Prevailing peace promoted development</li>
<li>The improvement in transport accelerated the process of industrialization</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="24">
<li>(a) What are the functions of the Security Council of the United Nations</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) It investigates disputes which are reported</p>
<p>(ii) It advises member states to settle disputes peacefully</p>
<p>(iii) It uses diplomacy and economic sanctions to bring World peace</p>
<p>(iv) It appeals for peace keeping force from member states</p>
<p>(v) It admits/ suspends/ expels members from the United Nations</p>
<p>Organization.</p>
<p>( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain SIX problems which the United Nations is facing in its efforts to</p>
<p>maintain World Peace.</p>
<ul>
<li>The increase in terrorist activities has created tension/ hatred among member countries thus threatening World Peace</li>
<li>Frequent border/ ethnic disputes make the work of the United Nations difficult</li>
<li>The organization faces shortage of funds because many member countries fail to remit their annual subscriptions</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>HISTORY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME 2006</strong></p>
<p><strong>SECTION A (25 marks)</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Give one reason why Homo Habilis was referred to as “able” man</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) Because of the ability to make tools (Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>Identify one area in Africa where agriculture began</li>
</ol>
<p>Along the NileValley in Egypt ( Any 1 x 1= mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Identify one type of trade
<ul>
<li>Local trade</li>
<li>Regional trade</li>
<li>International trade</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>Identity two improvements which were made on macadamized roads in the Nineteenth century.
<ul>
<li>Tar was put on the top surface to make them smooth</li>
<li>Roads were widened to create highways</li>
<li>Roads were straightened</li>
<li>The roads wee strengthened by adding more layers of gravel/ stones made durable</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>( Any 2 x1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="5">
<li>State two advantages of use of electricity in industries during the industrial revolution
<ul>
<li>The supply could be regulated/ could be switched on and off</li>
<li>It could be used in different ways. E.g. lighting, heating, trucing</li>
<li>It could be used far from the source/ industries could be established anywhere</li>
<li>There was a clean working environment/ Non pollutant</li>
<li>The cost of production of goods was made cheaper</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li>State the main contribution of the discovery of chloroform in the field of medicine</li>
</ol>
<p>It reduced pain during operation</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="7">
<li>Identify two factors that led to the growth of Athens as an urban centre.
<ul>
<li>It was surrounded by mountains and sea making it secure/ Security</li>
<li>It was a centre of learning and art which attracted people. Educational cent.</li>
<li>It was a religious/ culture centre</li>
<li>It was a trading centre/ commercial centre</li>
<li>There were valleys with fertile soils for food production./ Availability of food</li>
<li>It was an administrative centre.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="8">
<li>Name two official who assisted the ruler of the Shona to administer the kingdom
<ul>
<li>The head cook</li>
<li>Head gate keeper/ chancellor</li>
<li>The court steward/ chamberlain/ chancellor</li>
<li>The Queen Mother</li>
<li>The head drummer</li>
<li>The head of the Army</li>
<li>The Treasurers</li>
<li>The Senior son in law</li>
<li>The Nine principal wives of the King</li>
<li>The King sister</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<ol start="9">
<li>What is the difference between the scramble and partition of Africa in the nineteenth century?</li>
</ol>
<p>The scramble was the struggle by competition/ rush by Europeans for colonies in African whereas partition was sharing/ dividing up of Africa into European spheres influence.</p>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<ol start="10">
<li>Name one colony of Britain in West Africa
<ul>
<li>Nigeria</li>
<li>Ghana/ Gold Coast</li>
<li>The Gambia</li>
<li>Sierra Leone</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mks)</p>
<ol start="11">
<li>Give one reason why the Africans in Tanganyika were against the use of Akidas by the German Colonial administrators.
<ul>
<li>Akidas were foreigners</li>
<li>Akidas took Africans chance in Administering their country</li>
<li>Akidas were brutal/ harsh to the Africans/ Whipping Africans E.g. flogging</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 1 x 1 = 1mk)</p>
<ol start="12">
<li>Identify two peaceful methods which the nationalists used in South Africa in the struggle for independence
<ul>
<li>Demonstrations</li>
<li>Sending petition to the British government</li>
<li>Seeking support organization of Africa Unity and United Nations</li>
<li>Forming political parties</li>
<li>Condemning apartheid in churches</li>
<li>Hunger strikes</li>
<li>Use of mass media/ newspapers/ pamphlets</li>
<li>Trade unions/ boycotts/ seating or go slow</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="13">
<li>Give one reason why the united States of America (U.S.A) did not join the first world war until 1971
<ul>
<li>She did not want to get involved in European affairs. Manvue doctrine</li>
<li>She feared the war would be fought in America because of German population</li>
<li>American interest had not been interfered with/ had commercial relation on both sides</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<ol start="14">
<li>Give the main reason for the failure of the league of Nations</li>
</ol>
<p>The rearmament of Germany</p>
<p>(Any 1x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="15">
<li>State two achievement of Pan- Africancism between 1945 and 1963
<ul>
<li>It promoted the spirit of togetherness among Africans all over the world</li>
<li>It gave moral support to African nationalists during the struggle for independence</li>
<li>It provided a forum for Africans to discuss common matters</li>
<li>It led to the establishment of the organization of the Africa Unity (O.A.U)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="16">
<li>State two political challenges that faced Tanzania during the rule of president Mwalimu Nyerere
<ul>
<li>1964 Army mutiny over delayed African promotions</li>
<li>Protests by universities of Dar-es- Salaam students in 1966 over National Youth Service</li>
<li>President Idi Amin attacked Tanzania</li>
<li>The country hosted large number of refugees from war torn neighbouring countries</li>
<li>The failure of the Ujamaa Policy</li>
<li>The assassination of Abeidi Karuma</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<ol start="17">
<li>Who is the heard of government in India?</li>
</ol>
<p>The prime minister</p>
<p>(Any 1x 1 = 1mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>SECTION B (45 MARKS)</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="18">
<li>(a) What were the physical changes which occurred in early human beings as they evolved from ape- like creature to modern people?
<ul>
<li>The skull was enlarged</li>
<li>The jaws and teeth became smaller</li>
<li>The arms and hands become shorter</li>
<li>The creatures assumed an upright posture</li>
<li>The feet and toes reduced in size</li>
<li>The creatures had less hair on the body</li>
<li>They became taller</li>
<li>They had slander body</li>
<li>The brain became bigger</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 5 x 1 = 5 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Describe the way of life of early Human Beings during the Old Stone Age</p>
<p>Period</p>
<ul>
<li>They made simple stone tools for domestic use/ oldulvan tools</li>
<li>They lived in small groups in order to assist each other</li>
<li>They obtained their food through hunting and gathering</li>
<li>They used simple hunting methods such as chasing wild animals and laying traps</li>
<li>They ate raw food because fire had not been discovered</li>
<li>They had no specific dwelling places</li>
<li>They sheltered from predators by climbing trees and hiding in caves</li>
<li>They wore no clothing but their hairy bodies kept them warm</li>
<li>They lived near rivers and lakes</li>
<li>They communicated by use of gestures and whistling</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 5 x 2 = 10 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="19">
<li>(a) Give three factors which should be considered when sending a message
<ul>
<li>The urgency of the message/ speed</li>
<li>The complexity of the message/ simplicity/ clarity</li>
<li>The distance between the sender and receiver of the message</li>
<li>The availability of communication facilities/ methods/ mean</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain the effects of telecommunications on modern society</p>
<p>(i) The message are conveyed over long distances/ shorten distances</p>
<p>(ii) It has led to spread of ideas to different parts of the world/ the world has</p>
<p>become a global village/ sharing of ideas</p>
<p>(iii) Television, videos, computers and cinemas transmit entertainment</p>
<p>through pictures</p>
<p>(iv) Telecommunication systems are medium of transmitting education</p>
<p>programmes all over the world</p>
<p>(v) Weather forecasting navigation and space exploration have been made easy by use of satellites.</p>
<p>(vi) Information can be relayed through radio, television or cell phone remote places easily</p>
<ul>
<li>It has promoted trade through advertisement on radio, television and computers</li>
<li>Security has improved through camera/ close circuit TV</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>Modern weapons have telecommunication services which are efficient</li>
<li>Various job opportunities employment has been created</li>
<li>Communication devises have made tax collection/ revenue collection easier for the government e.g. electronic tax registered</li>
<li>Management/ storage of information has been made easier through the use of computer/ internet</li>
<li>It has immorality through pornography</li>
<li>It has encouraged idleness as viewers get addicted to programmers on T.V etc.</li>
<li>It has promoted business transaction e.g buying and selling in internet</li>
<li>The government earns revenue through taxation on telecommunication services</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<ol start="20">
<li>(a) Give three reasons why Lobengula was defeated by the British in 1893?</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) The British had superior weapons compared to the Ndebele</p>
<p>(ii) The British army was better organized than the Ndebele</p>
<p>(iii) Lobengula and his soldiers were weakened by small pox</p>
<p>(iv) The British had better trained army</p>
<p>( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) What were the results of the British Ndebele war of 1893?</p>
<p>(i) The Ndebele lost their independence/ company rule was established over</p>
<p>Matebele land</p>
<p>(ii) There was massive loss of life</p>
<p>(iii) The Ndebele lost of property through destruction</p>
<p>(iv) Bulawayo the capital of the NdebeleKingdom was destroyed</p>
<p>(v) The Ndebele lost land to British settlers the Ndebele were moved to</p>
<p>Reserves</p>
<p>(vi) The economic activities of the Ndebele such as agriculture, trade and mining were disrupted</p>
<p>(vii) Their was widespread fear and insecurity among the Ndebele</p>
<ul>
<li>The war provoked anti- British feelings which Party contributed to the Chimurenga wars of 1896 and 1987</li>
<li>The Ndebele military power was weakened</li>
<li>The Shona were made policemen over the Ndebele</li>
<li>The Ndebele were subjected to taxation</li>
<li>The Ndebele cattle were confiseatead</li>
<li>The Ndebele were subjected to forced labour</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="21">
<li>a) What five reasons encouraged the nationalists in Mozambique to use</li>
</ol>
<p>armed struggle to attain independence.</p>
<p>(i) Portugal refused to listen to the grievances of the Africans.</p>
<p>(ii) The nationalists were trained in fighting skills.</p>
<ul>
<li>The liberation committee of the Organization of African Unity/Tanzania and other (O.A.U) supported the nationalists with finance and weapons.</li>
<li>The nationalists were supported and encouraged by communist countries.</li>
<li>The success of MauMau freedom fighters in Kenya inspired them.</li>
<li>The country was forested and conducive for guerilla warfare.</li>
<li>The United Nations(UN) denounced colonialism thus boosting the morale of the nationalist. Any 5&#215;1=5mks</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Describe the problems which undermined the activities of nationalists in Mozambique.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>They lacked basic need such as food, cloth and medicine.</li>
<li>Ideological differences led to the formation of rival guerrilla movements such as MANU, COREMO and FRELIMO.</li>
<li>The nationalist were demolished due to the assassination of their leader Eduardo Mondlane.</li>
<li>The Portuguese government ruthlessly suppressed the nationalist movement.</li>
<li>The South African apartheid government assisted the Portuguese to fight the nationalists.</li>
<li>Portuguese government ruthlessly suppressed the nationalist movement.</li>
<li>Portugal outlawed political movements.</li>
<li>The Christian church in Mozambique condemned the nationalist movement.</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 5&#215;2 =10mks)</p>
<p><strong>SECTION C (30MARKS)</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>22 (a) Give three ways through which trade contributed to the rise of Asante</p>
<p>Kingdom during the eighteenth century.</p>
<ul>
<li>Participation trade enabled the kingdom.</li>
<li>Acquired weapons which were used to expand the kingdom.</li>
<li>Wealth from trade boosted the kings prestige/frame.</li>
<li>The need for goods for export encouraged the kings to conquer more territories.</li>
<li>The king used wealth from trade to reward loyal provincial rulers</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 3&#215;1= 3mks</p>
<p>b)</p>
<p>(i) The Kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke the Akan language.</p>
<p>(ii) The Asante were organized in clans</p>
<ul>
<li>Marriage between members of the same clan was prohibited</li>
<li>Inheritance of property was matrilineal.</li>
<li>The community was bound together by the Golden stool</li>
<li>There was an annual cultural festival (odwira) held at kumasi to honour the ancestors.</li>
<li>The society was divided into social classes/stratification</li>
<li>The kings were regarded as semi-divine/religious traders</li>
<li>The Asante were polytheists/worshipped many gods and goddesses</li>
<li>The ancestors mediated between god and the people</li>
<li>The Asante had a supreme God called Nyame Any 6&#215;2=12mks.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>23 a) Give three categories of the Prime ministries in Britain</p>
<p>(i) Members elected by universal suffrage</p>
<p>(ii) Members nominated by the monarch</p>
<ul>
<li>Hereditary peers/ Royal family members</li>
<li>Senior statement/ knighted peers/ life peers</li>
<li>Senior leaders of the church of England</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 3 x 1= 3 mks)</p>
<ul>
<li>What are the duties of the Prime Minister in Britain?</li>
<li>Appoints/ dismiss ministers with the consent of the monarch</li>
<li>Recommends to the monarch the appointment of high ranking officers in the government/ award of civil honours</li>
<li>Chairs cabinet meetings</li>
<li>Settlers dispute between various governments ministers/ departments</li>
<li>Heads the government/ Chief Executive</li>
<li>Overseas the implementation of cabinet decisions</li>
<li>Leads the house of Commons</li>
<li>The prime minister with the support of parliament can change. Amend and re appeal laws</li>
<li>Represents the country in international forums/ conferences</li>
<li>Determines when elections are held</li>
<li>He/ she is the leader of the party that nominated him/ her</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="24">
<li>(a) Give three organs of the Economic community of West African States</li>
</ol>
<p>(ECOWAS)</p>
<ul>
<li>There is the authority of heads of States and Heads of governments</li>
<li>The tribunal</li>
<li>Executive secretariat</li>
<li>Specialized commissions</li>
<li>Council of minister</li>
</ul>
<p>( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>What are the achievements of Economic Community of W. Africa States (ECOWAS) since its formation</li>
<li>It has standardized education in the region by use of common examination syllabus</li>
<li>It has fostered peace through its military wing</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>It has promoted cultural exchange among the member states</li>
<li>It has improved regional Transport/ Communication system/ links</li>
<li>Improved agriculture through sharing of technological know- how</li>
<li>It has facilitated free movement of people in the region</li>
<li>There is na increase in job opportunities in the region</li>
<li>It has promoted spirit of togetherness</li>
<li>It has promoted mutual co-operation</li>
<li>It has promoted interregional trade within regions.</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>K.C.S.E 2007 PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEMES</strong></p>
<p>1.</p>
<p>&#8211; Archaeology / palaeontology.</p>
<p>&#8211; Oral tradition, Linguistics.</p>
<p>&#8211; Anthropology</p>
<p>&#8211; Genetics / Botany / Zoology / Biology</p>
<p>&#8211; Written records,</p>
<p>&#8211; Geology.</p>
<p>&#8211; Electronic sources.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>i) Hunting ii) Gathering iii) Farming iv) Fishing</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Availability of water from the River Nile</li>
</ol>
<p>-The River Nile also brought rich fertile silt from the highlands.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>i) Wind ii) Water iii) Wood iv) Sun v) Animals / man</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="5">
<li>i) It is slow</li>
<li>ii) One can give the wrong message or forget the message.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) One can die on the way</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) A person carrying verbal message can be tortured to reveal it.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li>i) It is the quickest in terms of speed.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="7">
<li>Barter</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="8">
<li>i) The rise of AxumKingdom which developed East of Merowe</li>
</ol>
<p>denied Merowe access to the red sea causing decline in trade.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) The king of Axum subdued and destroyed Merowe in 350 A.D</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Desertification due to deforestation led to decline of food supply</p>
<p>for her people.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Deforestation caused the decline of food supply for her people.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="9">
<li>It was the symbol of unity within the Asante Empire.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="10">
<li>i) Britain ii) Germany</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="11">
<li>i) Lewanika collaborated with the British in order to protect his</li>
</ol>
<p>Kingdom against the Germans and Portuguese / European enemies.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) Lewanika desired Western education and civilization and wanted</li>
</ol>
<p>the British to introduce it in his country / wanted his son to be educated.</p>
<p>iii) Lewanika wanted the British to protect him against his internal enemies e.g. in 1884 Lewanika faced an internal rebellion / safeguard his position.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Lewanika who had already sought British protection against the Boers.</li>
<li>v) Lewanika saw the futility of resisting a strong power like Britain,</li>
</ol>
<p>so he chose to collaborate.</p>
<ol>
<li>vi) Lewanika wanted the British to protect his kingdom from attacks</li>
</ol>
<p>by other African communities such as the Ndebele and Shona /</p>
<p>African enemies.</p>
<p>vii) Lewanika was influenced by the European missionaries who had</p>
<p>visited earlier to collaborate.</p>
<p>viii) In order to preserve the economy structure of his people.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) Desire for the promotion of trade between Britain and his people.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="12">
<li>i) All colonies were subjected to the same law.</li>
<li>ii) Racial discrimination was minimal in the colonies.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) It undermined African culture.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) French goods and modern ways spread in West Africa.</li>
<li>v) Educated African spearheaded nationalism in Africa.</li>
<li>vi) Africans were represented by deputies in the National Assembly.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="13">
<li>Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarjevo.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="14">
<li>i) Loss of independence</li>
<li>ii) Exploitation of African resources e.g. land and minerals.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Western education</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="15">
<li>i) Register treaties</li>
<li>ii) Publishing reports</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Interpret speeches and translate documents into the UN’S</p>
<p>official languages.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Implement policies</li>
<li>v) Bring to the attention of the Security Council any problem that</li>
</ol>
<p>threatens international peace.</p>
<ol>
<li>vi) Administer peace keeping operating and mediate international dispute.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="16">
<li>i) Member states have received technical know – how through the</li>
</ol>
<p>provision of experts and advisers in various field e.g. agriculture.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) The developing member states of the organization have acquired skilled man power through the provision of scholarships and training programmes by the developed member states of the organization.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Members states have conducted trade among themselves with relative ease.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) There has been cultural interaction among member states e.g. games&; exchange programmes.</li>
<li>v) The developed member state have provided financial aid to the developing member states.</li>
<li>vi) The organization has provided a forum for member states to air their views with one voice on international issues.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) The organization had provided a mechanism of maintaining peace among member states, e.g. the common wealth eace keeping force which was sent to Zimbabwe.</p>
<p>viii) It has promoted friendship and understanding among members states through conference.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) It had enhanced democratization process in developing countries by sending observers to monitor elections.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="17">
<li>i) <strong>Direct or pure democracy –</strong> This is where the people in a state are</li>
</ol>
<p>allowed to freely participate in an important decision making forums that pertain matters of the state.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) <strong>Indirect or representative Democracy –</strong> This is where citizens exercise their right in decision making through their chosen representatives.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>SECTION B</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>18 i) It has led to deaths of hundreds of people due to famine.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) Increased suffering as many people due to famine.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) It has led to social problems like raids and theft.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) It had caused migration of people affected by food shortage.</li>
<li>v) It affects agricultural based industries.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>b)</p>
<ol>
<li>i) Land reclamation through irrigation or draining swamps.</li>
<li>ii) Extensive research on better quality animal and crop breeds and on</li>
</ol>
<p>how to control pests and diseases.</p>
<p>iii) Establishment of agricultural training institutes to train</p>
<p>agricultural officers.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Soil conservation and restoration as well a forestation and re- a forestation.</li>
<li>v) Encouraging people to eat different types of food especially indigenous</li>
</ol>
<p>foods.</p>
<ol>
<li>vi) Control the rate of population growth through family planning.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Use of democracy and diplomacy to solve political problems.</p>
<p>viii) The governments are trying to subsidize by providing farmers with</p>
<p>seeds and tools.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="19">
<li>i) Local trade ii) Regional trade iii) International trade.</li>
<li>b) i) It involved traders from North Africa and people of North Africa</li>
</ol>
<p>and people of West Africa.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) The people involved were Arabs and Berbers from the North, Tauregs from the desert and the people of West Africa.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Arabs in the North organized the caravans. Preparations were made in advance to have enough goods, food especially indigenous foods.</p>
<p>Iv) Departure dates were set after the end of the rainy season when the storms were minimal.</p>
<ol>
<li>v) The Berbers and Tauregs acted as guides and provided security in the desert.</li>
<li>vi) The traders moved in caravans of up 1000 camels for security in the desert.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) In the south the traders stayed for up to three months selling goods.</p>
<p>viii) If they had not finished selling the goods by the end of the tree months they hired local agents to continue selling goods and buying others on their behalf.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) The local agents also maintained good relations with local rulers by giving them gifts and paying tribute.</li>
<li>x) In return the local rulers offered security to the traders. They also regulated the precaution and supply of gold.</li>
<li>xi) From the North they brought salt, copper, needles, spices, beds, grass ware horses, clothes , daggers, firearms e.t.c.</li>
</ol>
<p>xii) There were several trade routes that were used by the traders e.g. the Western route, central and eastern route.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="20">
<li>i) Discovery of Gold in Witwatersrand.</li>
<li>ii) There was clean water supply from river Vaal which was used for domestic as well as industrial use.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) It is situated on a plain (veld) which make building constructions and communication easy.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Existence of minerals e.g. diatomite’s.</li>
<li>v) The areas surrounding the town have fertile soils therefore agriculturally productive.</li>
<li>b)</li>
<li>i) Poor working conditions for African living around Johannesburg.</li>
<li>ii) Most people live in Shanties mainly because of unemployment. This led to development of slums.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Poor living conditions in the slums e.g. poor sanitation.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Criminal activities have increase due to unemployment.</li>
<li>v) Pollution from industries and garbage.</li>
<li>vi) HIV / AIDS is a major health problem.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Wide gap between the affluent who are the minority and the poor majority who area Africans.</p>
<p>viii) Inadequate social facilities e.g. education and health facilities.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="21">
<li>i) It helped in the development of transport e.g. steam ship and trains.</li>
</ol>
<p>This helped in the transportation of people in Africa.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) With the development of railway Europeans were able to move into the interior of Africa and exploit minerals.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) There was demand for coal to produce more steam.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) It was possible to move troops to conquer the people of Africa using</li>
</ol>
<p>steam trains and vehicles.</p>
<ol>
<li>v) There was demand for raw materials as the steam engine was</li>
</ol>
<p>manufacturing goods at a faster rate.</p>
<p>b)</p>
<ol>
<li>i) Formation of states:- Colonization helped in the formation of</li>
</ol>
<p>states. During the struggle for independence different communities came together to fight for independence. These later became independent states with many different tribes.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) It speeded economic growth in Europe through trade.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Africans were introduced to international commerce.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Development of infrastructure e.g. roads and railways by the Europeans</li>
</ol>
<p>in Africa.</p>
<ol>
<li>v) Development of urban centres in areas where Europeans settled.</li>
<li>vi) Fame and prestige: &#8211; Europeans powers who gained more colonies</li>
</ol>
<p>in Africa gained fame and prestige.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="22">
<li>a)i) German to surrender some of other territories in European e.g. Alsace</li>
</ol>
<p>and Lorraine were returned to France.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) German to surrender all her colonies.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) German to pay £6.6 million to the allies as reparation money.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) The city of Danzing to be a free city under the league.</li>
<li>v) German was restricted to an army of 100,000 men and it’s equipments</li>
</ol>
<p>were limited.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>b)</li>
<li>i) The allied powers had more states supporting them.</li>
<li>ii) Allies had more financial and industrial resources.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Allied powers controlled the North sea and Atlantic Ocean and</p>
<p>blockaded the central powers.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) The invasion of neutral Belgium by Germany made the world</li>
</ol>
<p>to turn against the central powers.</p>
<ol>
<li>v) The entry of USA into the war helped to defeat the central powers.</li>
<li>vi) The central powers were located in the central part of Europe and</li>
</ol>
<p>Were surrounded by enemies from every side.</p>
<p>vii) Multines in German army weakened the Germany resistance.</p>
<p>viii) The failure of the schlieffen plan</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) Good political leadership among the allied powers.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="23">
<li>a)i) He made himself head of state and government thus centralized</li>
</ol>
<p>power in his hands.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) He banned all political parties . In 1967 he formed the</li>
</ol>
<p>people’s revolutionary movement and made it the only legal party.</p>
<p>iii) He reformed the constitution and stripped parliament off its powers.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Mobutu abolished the federal system of government and local assemblies.\</li>
<li>v) He declared himself president for life in 1970.</li>
</ol>
<p>b)</p>
<ol>
<li>i) Political upheavals have hindered exploitation of Congo’s resources.</li>
<li>ii) Belgium had led other western nationals in dominating the exploitation</li>
</ol>
<p>of Congolese mineral wealth. Profits are repatriated to Europe</p>
<p>and Congolese have not benefited from mining activities on their land.</p>
<p>iii) Excessive reliance on foreign aid have created large debts which are</p>
<p>hard to pay.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) There is trade imbalance between Congo and her partners.</li>
<li>v) Corruption and mismanagement of country’s key sectors.</li>
<li>vi) Poverty and lack of capital had hindered the exploitation of resources.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Lack of a clear policy of economic recovery after the colonial exploitation.</p>
<p>viii) Inflation due to printing of currency.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) Unemployment: &#8211; lack of job opportunities</li>
<li>x) Poor transport means.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="24">
<li>a)</li>
<li>i) Be at least 35 years old.</li>
<li>ii) Be an American citizen by birth.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Must have been a resident of the country 14 years.</p>
<p>b)</p>
<ol>
<li>i) It acts as a check on the executive arm of the government by</li>
</ol>
<p>examining administrative work.</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) It approves taxation measures and make sure that the government expenditure is properly used and accounted for.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Making laws</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Amend laws.</li>
<li>v) Senate approves treaties with foreign countries</li>
<li>vi) It can appoint a commission of inquiry to investigate any problem.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Senior civil servants are appointed by the president with the approval</p>
<p>of the senate.</p>
<p>viii) Congress closely monitors the conduct of the president, vice president and other senior public officials.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) Congress is a representative body elected by people and it reflects</li>
</ol>
<p>the aspiration an interest of the American people.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>2008 History and Government Paper 2 (311/2)</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>MARKING SCHEME</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>
<ul>
<li>May contain biases/exaggerations.</li>
<li>Information may be misinterpreted/misunderstood by readers.</li>
<li>There may be factual errors/omissions/contradictions by the authors.</li>
<li>These sources are limited to literate members of the society.</li>
<li>They are expensive to obtain/procure. <strong><em>(Any 2 x 1=2 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="2">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>There were more wild animals in the grasslands/availability of food.</li>
<li>The climate in the grasslands was warmer.</li>
<li>The grasslands provided much needed water. <strong><em>(Any 1&#215;1=1 mark)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li></li>
<li></li>
<li><strong><em>(Any 1&#215;1=1mark)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="4">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Making utensils.</li>
<li>Making ornaments.</li>
<li>To make weapons.</li>
<li>As a medium of exchange/trade item.</li>
<li>It was mixed with other metals to make alloys.</li>
<li>It is used for making tools.</li>
<li>It is used as a trade item.</li>
<li>It is used to make statues. <strong><em>(Any 2&#215;1 = 2 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="5">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Canning process.</li>
<li>Pasteurization process.</li>
<li>Refrigeration process. <strong><em>(Any 1&#215;1 = 1 mark)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>It’s effectiveness depends on weather.</li>
<li>The message could be missed if no one is on the look out.</li>
<li>It can only be used to cover short distances.</li>
<li>Range of messages passed was limited. <strong><em>(Any 2 x 1=2 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="7">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>It’s cumbersome to transport bulky goods.</li>
<li>There is a problem of storing the goods.</li>
<li>It’s difficult to determine the exact values of some goods.</li>
<li>There is frequent lack of double coincidence of wants.</li>
<li>Some goods may not be divided into smaller quantities. <strong><em>(Any 2 x 1=2 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="8">
<li>It is the concentration of people in certain places which grow large to be called towns/cities. <strong><em>(1 mark)</em></strong></li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="9">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>To maintain law and order.</li>
<li>To collect taxes.</li>
<li>They recruited men for military service.</li>
<li>They settled disputes/tried cases in court.</li>
<li>They were members of the Lukiiko. <strong><em>(Any 2&#215;1=2 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="10">
<li>To divide up Africa among European nations in a peaceful manner. <strong><em>(1 x 1=1 mark)</em></strong></li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="11">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The Moffat treaty.</li>
<li>Rudd concession. <strong><em>(Any 1 x 1=1 mark)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="12">
<li>Britain. <strong><em>(1 x 1=1mark)</em></strong></li>
</ol>
<p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>
<ol start="13">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li></li>
<li><strong><em>(Any 1 x 1=1 mark)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="14">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>It ended economic domination of the world by European countries.</li>
<li>There was massive destruction of properties.</li>
<li>It enacted unemployment.</li>
<li>It slowed down economic development of most countries/led to economic depression.</li>
<li>It led to developments in engineering. <strong><em>(Any 2 x 1=2 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="15">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>To unite all black people to win majority rule in South Africa.</li>
<li>To encourage a united anti-racial activities/oppose apartheid.</li>
<li>To remove all forms of injustices.</li>
<li>To win a vote/franchise for all the people of South Africa. <strong><em>(Any 2 x 1=2 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="16">
<li>Coordinates the activities of the other organs of the United Nations. <strong><em>(1mark)</em></strong></li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="17">
<li></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Idiological differences among the three member states.</li>
<li>Personality differences between presidents <strong><em>Idd Amin </em></strong>of<strong><em>Uganda</em></strong> and <strong><em>Julius Nyerere</em></strong> of <strong><em>Tanzania</em></strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>The perception of Uganda and Tanzania that Kenya benefited more.</li>
<li>National pride/interests of the member states.</li>
<li>Failure to remit funds to the community by member states.</li>
<li>The closure of boundaries by the member states. <strong><em>(Any 2 x 1=2 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="18">
<li>(a)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>People could travel faster than before.</li>
<li>They could cover long distances.</li>
<li>The chariots made travel comfortable.</li>
<li>Heavy loads could be carried over long distances.
<ul>
<li>Traveling became more secure. <strong><em>(Any 3&#215;1= 3 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b)</p>
<ul>
<li>It is expensive to procure/maintain an aircraft.</li>
<li>Construction of airstrips requires a lot of resources and expertise.</li>
<li>The aircrafts can only land and take off in specific/designated areas thus inconveniencing the users.</li>
<li>Aircrafts cannot carry bulky/heavy goods as compared to other means of transport.</li>
<li>Air transport can only be used by the well to do members of the society thus making it inaccessible to many.</li>
<li>Its operations are affected by unfavourable weather conditions.</li>
<li>Aircrafts emit gases which contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere.</li>
<li>Travelling by air has facilitated international terrorism/drug trafficking.</li>
<li>The use of aircrafts in military warfare has resulted to destruction of property.</li>
<li>Accidents by the air crafts are fatal/chances of survival are minimal.</li>
<li>Requires a lot of expertise. <strong><em>(Any 6&#215;2=12 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<ol start="19">
<li>(a)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The slaves were exchanged for European manufactured goods.</li>
<li>Prisoners of war who had been captured during local wars were sold to the slave dealers.</li>
<li>Slave traders kidnapped lonely travelers.</li>
<li>Some people were enticed and eventually sold into slavery.
<ul>
<li>Debtors were sold to slave traders. <strong><em>(Any 3 x 1=3 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>
<ul>
<li>The industrial revolution in Britain led to the replacement of human labour with machines which were more efficient.</li>
<li>The leading economists were against slave labour and argued that free labourwas more productive than slave labour.</li>
<li>Philanthropists/Christian missionaries strongly campaigned against slave trade thus leading to its decline.</li>
<li>America attained political independence and abolished slavery and slave trade leaving this Britain with no colonies where she would take slaves to work.</li>
<li>The development of legitimate trade which subsequently replaced slave trade.</li>
<li>Britain abolished slave trade and influenced other European nations to stop the practice by signing anti-slave trade treaties.</li>
<li>The French revolution of 1789 impacted negatively on slave trade as the ideasof liberty and equality of all people were spread. <strong><em>(Any 6&#215;2=12 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="20">
<li>(a)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>African resented the forced labour introduced by the Germans.</li>
<li>Africans disliked the harsh rule by Akidas and Jumbes who were hired by the Germans.</li>
<li>The Germans mistreated African Rulers.</li>
<li>Africans were against the introduction of tax by the Germans.</li>
<li>The German officials sexually abused the African women.
<ul>
<li>The Africans were inspired by the prophecy of Kinje Kitile Ngwale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Africans wanted to repossess their land from the Germans.</li>
<li>The Ngoni fought to seek revenge over the Boma massacre of 1897.</li>
<li>Africans wanted to regain their lost independence.</li>
<li>Germans despised/looked down upon the African way of life. <strong><em>(Any 5&#215;1=5 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>
<ul>
<li>Africans had inferior weapons which could not match the German modern weapons.</li>
<li>German solders were well trained as opposed to the African soldiers who used traditional methods of fighting.</li>
<li>The disunity/hatred that existed among African communities made it possible for the Germans to defeat them with ease.</li>
<li>The Germans used the scorched earth method which led to famine and hence weakened the Africans.</li>
<li>The magic waste failed to protect the Africans from German bullets.</li>
<li>Capture/imprisonment/execution of African leaders demoralised the fighters.</li>
<li>German administrators received reinforcement which strengthened their fight against the Africans.</li>
<li>The large/powerful communities who had been defeated by the Germans before did not join the war.</li>
<li>Africans were not well coordinated/organised in their fight against the Germans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em>(Any 5&#215;2=10 marks)</em></strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="21">
<li>(a)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>It promoted health services/established International Health Organisation.</li>
<li>It championed for the welfare of the workers/established the International Labour Organisation.</li>
<li>It provided relief to refugees/war casualties/areas hit by famine.</li>
<li>It settled disputes between different European Countries.</li>
<li>It supervised mandated territories.</li>
<li>It organized disarmament conferences in Europe.</li>
<li>It helped to reduce trade in dangerous drugs.</li>
<li>It helped in economic reconstruction of European countries. <strong><em>(Any 5 x 1=5 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>
<ul>
<li>Some European nations opposed the peace Treaty of Versailles becauseit favoured the allied nations that had fought against German.</li>
<li>The United States of America did not support the league because it did notwant to get involved in European affairs/The Monroe Doctrine.</li>
<li>The membership of the organization was not all that inclusive. Some countries were left out while others were not given a chance to join.</li>
<li>The league violated the objective of maintaining world peace by supporting some nations’ claims against others.</li>
<li>Most members were concerned with their sovereignty as opposed to the interests of the League of Nations.</li>
<li>Some members of the League adopted the policy of appeasement towards certain regimes in order to avoid confrontation thus weakening it.</li>
<li>Shortage of funds made it difficult for the League to implement its programmes.</li>
<li>The League lacked its own army to implement its decisions where peace was threatened. It depended on the goodwill of the members who at times were not reliable.</li>
<li>The search for colonies diverted the members’ attention from the activities of the League of Nations.</li>
<li>The rise of dictatorship regimes in Europe weakened the League as these dictators refused to accept its resolutions.</li>
<li>The economic depression of 1929 weakened most of the world economies, hence they were not able to support the League financially. <strong><em>(Any 5&#215;2=10 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<ol start="22">
<li>(a)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>To avoid resistance from the people of Northern Nigeria.</li>
<li>The British had inadequate personnel for the vast territory.</li>
<li>There was an established system of administration.</li>
<li>There was communication barrier between the British and the local communities.</li>
<li>It was difficult to reach all parts of the territory due to inadequate transport and communication systems.</li>
<li>To reduce the cost of administration</li>
<li>The method had successfully been used in some of their colonies.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em>(Any 5 x 1=5 marks)</em></strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b)</p>
<ul>
<li>Traditional rulers became unpopular among their people due to their new roles of collecting taxes/forceful recruitment of fellow Africans as labourers for European/as soldiers to fight in the world wars.</li>
<li>The African Chiefs became wealthier than the rest of the people because they were paid for their services.</li>
<li>It helped to preserve African cultures in Northern Nigeria because the British did not want to interfere with the African way of life.</li>
<li>It led to the abolition of slavery and slave trade in Northern Nigeria</li>
<li>The British abolished the Fulani systems of taxation and replaced it with a single tax levied on each village.</li>
<li>Retention of muslim law/sharia in the North made the area lag behind.The British modified the previous systems of administration thus making the traditional African rulers lose their independence. <strong><em>(Any 5&#215;2=10 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="23">
<li>(a)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>To promote unity among African states.</li>
<li>To end all forms of colonialism in Africa.</li>
<li>To promote human rights in African countries in line with the United Nations’ Charter.</li>
<li>To promote social, economic and political cooperation in Africa in order to uplift the peoples standards of living.</li>
<li>To uphold the policy of non-alignment in international affairs.</li>
<li>To uphold the policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states.</li>
<li>To recognize/respect the territorial/sovereignty of member states.</li>
<li>To promote peaceful settlement of disputes among member states.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em>(Any 5&#215;1=5 marks)</em></strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>
<ul>
<li>The structure of the African Union is more elaborate than that of the organisation of African Unity/The African Union has more organs than the organization of African Unity.</li>
<li>African Union unlike the Organisation of African Unity has the mandate to intervene in the internal affairs of member states who violate human rights.</li>
<li>African Union is viewed as an organisation of African peoples while Organisation of African Unity was an organisation of African executives.</li>
<li>African Union has an ambitious economic development agenda for Africa where as Orgnisation of African Unity was mainly concerned with political issues of the continent.</li>
<li>African Union has an accountability mechanism/the African Peer Review Mechanism while the Organisation of African Unity lacked it.</li>
<li>The Organisation of African Unity was formed by independent African countries to fight colonialism where as African Union focuses on the challenges facing African countries today.</li>
<li>The African Union has established the court of Justice to handle cases involving victims of human rights violation within the member states while Organisation of African Unity lacked this agency.</li>
<li>The African Union unlike the Organisation of African Unity has established a close working relationship with countries of the world through Information Communication Technology to enhance globalization.</li>
<li>The African Union has proposed the creation of a standing African army whereas the Organization of African Unity did not think of it. <strong><em>(Any 5&#215;2=10 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="24">
<li>(a)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>One should be a citizen of India.</li>
<li>The person should be aged 35 years and above.</li>
<li>The person should qualify for election as a member of the house of the people.</li>
<li>One should not be a government employee/not hold any office of profit within the government.</li>
<li>One must be nominated by a political party. <strong><em>(Any 3 x 1=3 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b)</p>
<ul>
<li>The president is the head of state with executive powers to carry out his duties.</li>
<li>The president seeks advice from parliament when appointing the prime ministers.</li>
<li>He/she is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.</li>
<li>He is a member of the legislative.</li>
<li>He ascends to/vetoes bills before they become law.</li>
<li>He establishes special councils to arbitrate on inter-state disputes.</li>
<li>He dissolves parliament to call for general elections.</li>
<li>He is empowered by the constitution to declare a state of emergency/rule the state by decree when the security of the state is threatened.</li>
<li>He nominates the 12 members to the “Council of states”/upper house.</li>
<li>He appoints state governors and supreme court judges.</li>
<li>He calls the leader of the winning party after general elections to form the government.</li>
<li>He is the leader of the political part that nominates him for the elections.</li>
<li>He pardons offenders. <strong><em>(Any 6&#215;2=12 marks)</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>HISTORY MARKING SCHEME 2009 PAPER 2</strong></p>
<p><strong>SECTION A (25 MARKS)</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Name two types of written materials used by historians as a source of history and government</strong>
<ul>
<li>Books/ charts/ maps/ scrolls/ painting/ clay labels/ stone table</li>
<li>Newspapers/ magazines</li>
<li>Diaries/ biographies</li>
<li>Journals/ periodicals</li>
<li>Official/ government records</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong>State two ways in which the early man obtain food</strong>
<ul>
<li>Hunting</li>
<li>Gathering</li>
<li>Growing crops/ farming</li>
<li>Livestock keeping/ rearing animals</li>
<li>Fishing</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li><strong>Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Simple life forms gradually develop into higher forms of life over millions of years ( 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong>Identify the greatest contribution of Michael Faraday in the field of science</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>He invented electricity (1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="5">
<li><strong>Give the main use of steam powder during industrial revolution in Europe.</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>Driving engines/ machines in industries ( 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li><strong>State two disadvantages of using wood as a source of energy</strong>
<ul>
<li>wood is affected by rain</li>
<li>It products smoke/ choking/ pollutes the air/ soot</li>
<li>Leads to deforestation / scarcity of wood</li>
<li>It is cumbersome to use (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="7">
<li><strong>Give two means of water transport used during the ancient time</strong>
<ul>
<li>Sailing boats/ our driven boats</li>
<li>Rafts/ logs</li>
<li>Canoes</li>
<li>Sailing ships</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="8">
<li><strong>State two advantages of the use of money of barter as a medium of exchange</strong>
<ul>
<li>Money is lighter to transport than goods</li>
<li>Money is easily divisible into smaller units than the actual goods</li>
<li>Money is convertible into electronic devices for payment unlike goods</li>
<li>In barter trade, one cannot determine the actual value of the goods transacted</li>
<li>Money can be stored in a longer period</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="9">
<li><strong>Give two reasons why the early urban centers in ancient Egypt developed in the NileValley</strong>
<ul>
<li>Water from the river was used for transportation</li>
<li>Water from the river was used for domestic use/ industrial use</li>
<li>Nile valley contained fertile soil for farming/ availability of food</li>
<li>Nile valley had cool temperature which encourages settlement</li>
<li>Vegetation along the river provided building materials</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>( Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="10">
<li><strong>State two economic activities of the Shona during the pre- colonial period</strong>
<ul>
<li>They grew crops/ agriculture</li>
<li>They kept livestock</li>
<li>They traded with Arabs and Swahili traders/ took part in long distance trade/ trade</li>
<li>They hunted elephants for ivory</li>
<li>They were iron worked/ blacksmiths</li>
<li>They made clothes from wild cotton/ bark fibres</li>
<li>They mined gold</li>
<li>They were fishermen</li>
<li>They gathered/ gathering</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="11">
<li>Define the term “ <strong>sphere</strong> “ of influence as used by the European powers in Berlin conference of 1884 and 1885</li>
<li><strong>Identify one political reform introduction by President Fredrik de Klerk that led to the achievement of black majority rule in South Africa.</strong>
<ul>
<li>He released all the political prisoners</li>
<li>Appealed apartheid Laws, E.g. pass laws</li>
<li>Allowed Africans to join political parties/ participate in electrons</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="13">
<li><strong>Give one way in which the policy of “ nationalism allowed down economic development in Tanzania during the reign of Julius Nyerere</strong>
<ul>
<li>Many Tanzanians developed a negative attitude to work/ relied on government support</li>
<li>Most foreign investors withdraw from the country</li>
<li>Some industries collapsed</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Name the organ of the United organization thatpromotes justice in the world.</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>The international Court of Justice</p>
<p>(1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="15">
<li><strong>Identify one superpower that was involved in the cold water</strong>
<ul>
<li>United States of America ( USA)</li>
<li>Union of SovietSocialistRepublic ( USSR)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 1 x 1 = 1mk)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong><u>SECTION A (25 MARKS)</u></strong></p>
<ol start="16">
<li><strong>Name two English speaking member countries of the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS)</strong>
<ul>
<li>Liberia</li>
<li>Gambia</li>
<li>Ghana</li>
<li>Nigeria</li>
<li>Sierra Leone</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="17">
<li><strong>Identify one house of the Congress in the united States of America</strong>
<ul>
<li>The House of representatives</li>
<li>The Senate</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk)</p>
<p><strong>SECTION B (45 MARKS)</strong></p>
<ol start="18">
<li>(a) <strong>Give three stages in the evolution of man before Homo Erectus</strong>
<ul>
<li>Aegytopithecus/ Egyptian ape</li>
<li>Dryopithecus/ Africans/ Proconsul/ woodland ape</li>
<li>Kenyapithecus/ Ramapithecus/ woodland ape/ Kenya ape/ Asian ape</li>
<li>Australopithecus/ Southern ape/ man ape/ Zinyanthropus/ Nut erect man</li>
<li>Homohabilis/ Handy man/ practical man</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Note any order of responses earns marks (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) <strong>Describe six ways in which the discovery of fire by Early Man improved </strong></p>
<p><strong>his way of life</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The fire was used to roast/ cook thus he stopped eating raw food</li>
<li>Fire was used to provide warmth at night when it was cold</li>
<li>Fire was used to provide light in the dwelling/ sites/ caves</li>
<li>Fire improved hunting as man could use it to push animals to confined areas thus kill them easily.</li>
<li>Fire was used to frighten animals from man’s dwelling places thus improved security</li>
<li>Tool making was improved through the use of fire to harden sharpen tips of tools</li>
<li>Communication between people living at different places was made possible by the of fire and smoke signals</li>
<li>Early man preserved food by drying it over the fire</li>
<li>Fire enabled man to harden pottery which was used for storage / cooking/ trade</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="19">
<li>(a) <strong>Identify three ways in which water was used in industries during the 18<sup>th</sup> century</strong>
<ul>
<li>To turn waterwheels/ grinding stones in four miles</li>
<li>To wash/ clean the machines/ maintain cleanliness</li>
<li>To cool the machines</li>
<li>To turn spinning machines in textile industries</li>
<li>To produce steam power to drive machines</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) <strong>Explain six social effects of the industrial revolution in Europe during the 18<sup>th</sup> century</strong></p>
<p>(i) Many people migrated to towns to look for jobs leading to overcrowding</p>
<p>(ii) Increased population in towns led to shortage of houses thereby resulting</p>
<p>to the development of slums</p>
<p>(iii) There was poor sanitation which made people to suffer from various diseases</p>
<p>(iv) The factories emitted pollutants into the air, water and land thus affecting in people health</p>
<p>(v) Those who did not secure employment in the industrial town engaged in crime and other social evils.</p>
<p>(vi) Industrial revolution led to social stratification where the poor were</p>
<p>Discriminated by the rich</p>
<p>(vii) Women and children were exploited because they worked for long hours for little pay.</p>
<p>(viii) Trade union developed in order to fight for the rights of industrial</p>
<p>workers to settle industrial disputes.</p>
<p>(ix) Due to long working schedules, some industrial workers neglected their homes leading to family breakups</p>
<p>(Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="20">
<li>(a) <strong>Identify the three methods used by the French to acquire colonies in </strong></li>
</ol>
<p><strong> West Africa</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Signed treaties with the African rulers/ used diplomacy</li>
<li>Played off one community against the other/ divide and rule/ treachery</li>
<li>Used force to conquer the African / Military expedition</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 3 x 1= 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) <strong>Explain six factors that led to the defeat of Samori Toure by the </strong></p>
<p><strong> French</strong></p>
<p>(i) The constant movements of his army and people denied them time to concentrate on gainful activities. This resulted to inadequate food supplies</p>
<p>(ii) The scorched earth policy that he used when fighting made his people to be impoverished and thus turned against him.</p>
<p>(iii) Some African communities in the area supported the French against Samori Toure. E.g. Liebba of Sekosso &; Ahmiadu Sekou of Tuklor</p>
<p>(iv) The Diplomatic tactics of playing off the British against the French worked against him as the British refused to give him support when attached by the French</p>
<p>(v) The determination by the French to establish an overseas empire made them to use their superior weapons on Samori Toure</p>
<p>(vi) The non- Mandinka and non Muslim communities in his empire supported the French against him because he had conquered/ mistreated them.</p>
<p>(vii) The British refused to support Samori Toure against the French due to their policy of non – interference.</p>
<p>(viii) The French besieged Samori Capital/ blocking his retreat thereby forcing him to surrender</p>
<p>(ix) The establishment of the second empire from the East denied him access to the coast thus affecting supply of arms</p>
<p>(x) The loss of Baire gold mine cleared him the finances to sustain his forces.</p>
<p>(6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="21">
<li>(a) <strong>Give the reasons why it look long for Mozambique to achieve independence from Portugal</strong>
<ul>
<li>Portugal was reluctant to part with the economic wealth of Mozambique</li>
<li>Portugal was ruled by kings who had no regard for human rights</li>
<li>Portugal regarded Mozambique as one of its provinces and not a colony</li>
<li>Portugal had succeed in suppressing revolts by Africans before nationalism took root in Mozambique</li>
<li>Lack of unity among African until 1960’s</li>
<li>Illiteracy among Africans in Mozambique</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Any 3 x 1= 3 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) <strong>Explain six factors that favoured the success of FRELIMO nationalists during their struggle for independence in Mozambique</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Use of Guerilla tactics to attack the Portuguese from different parts of country strained colonial resources.</li>
<li>The local population was recruited in the army which out numbered the Portuguese forces</li>
<li>Mozambique was highly forested thus provided good cover for the guerrilla fighters from Portuguese war planes</li>
<li>FRELIMO fighters were working on familiar ground/ Terrain</li>
<li>The Frelimo nationalists cultivated their own food thus being self sufficient in food supplies</li>
<li>The nationalist were aided financially, materially and morally by communist countries which enabled them to continue with the struggle</li>
<li>Support by the organization of African Unity (OAU) inspired the nationalists to keep on the struggle</li>
<li>The practice of Frelimo of setting up administrative structures in Liberated areas encouraged the Africans in Mozambique to support the struggle</li>
<li>The recognition of the role of women helped the nationalist to mobilize the communities to support the struggle.</li>
<li>Elimination of ethic difference appealed to all the Mozambicans to join in the common cause/ they were united.</li>
<li>The Frelimo leaders were well organized./ co- ordinated the struggle effectively</li>
<li>Frelimo fighters received constant flour of information about the movement of the Portuguese troops.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong><u>SECTION C (30 MARKS)</u></strong></p>
<ol start="22">
<li>(a<strong>) List three Europeans Countries that formed the Tripple alliance before the outbreak of the First World War.</strong>
<ul>
<li>Germany</li>
<li>Austria – Hungary</li>
<li>Italy</li>
<li>Romania</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) <strong>Describe six functions of the General Assembly of the United Nations (U.N)</strong></p>
<p>(i) The general Assembly liaises with the Security Council in making recommendations on maintenance of peace and security</p>
<p>(ii) Discusses issues relating to international peace and security.</p>
<p>(iii) It elects jointly with the Security Council, the judges of the international court of Justice/ appoints the secretary/ general</p>
<p>(iv) It receives/ acts on report from Security Council and other U.N organs</p>
<p>(v) It approves U.N budget/ apportions the amounts of construction to be paid by each member state.</p>
<p>(vi) It elects non- permanent member of the security/ Economic/ Social fields</p>
<p>(vii) It promotes the development / codification of the international law</p>
<ul>
<li>It facilitates the realization of human fundamental freedoms</li>
<li>It promotes higher/ better standards of living among nations.</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="23">
<li>(a) <strong>State five characteristics of the commonwealth member states</strong>
<ul>
<li>Members of the commonwealth use English as the official language of communication</li>
<li>Members appreciate each others cultural values</li>
<li>Member countries co- operate in the field of Education</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>They recognize the queen/ king of England as the head of commonwealth
<ul>
<li>Member countries have similar government/ institutions/ parliamentary system/ judiciary/ civil service/ military practices</li>
<li>They participate in commonwealth games</li>
<li>They have economics ties/ the rich nations assist the poor ones with economic/ technical aid</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>(Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)</p>
<p>(b) <strong>Explain five challenges facing commonwealth</strong></p>
<p>(i) The commonwealth is dominated by the developed nations. This</p>
<p>Undermines policies/ decisions made by the less developed members</p>
<p>(ii) Lacks adequate funds to finance its operations since most of the members</p>
<p>are from the less developed countries.</p>
<p>(iii) Political instability/ civil wars in many member countries in Africa and Asia has affected the performance of the association in promoting peace/ good governance.</p>
<p>(iv) Members of the commonwealth have a divided loyalty/ lack commitment due to their involvement in their organizations</p>
<p>(v) Members of the commonwealth withdraw their membership at will and hence affect smooth operation of the club</p>
<p>(vi) Ideological differences between the member countries/ capitalism/ communism make it difficult for the members to speak with one voice on matter of international concern.</p>
<p>(vii) Personality difference between heads of states/ government have negatively affected the association.</p>
<p>(viii) The association lacks an executive authority to enforce its decisions/ has no standing army</p>
<p>(ix) The need to correct colonial injustices has created misunderstanding among the members thus making it difficult for it to effectively implement its plans</p>
<p>(x) Racial discrimination reflected by lack of free movement/ restricted visa rules adopted by some counties has undermined social cohesion</p>
<p>(xi) Some member countries put their national interest before those of the association thus making it difficult for the association to achieve its objectives</p>
<p>(Any 5 x 2 = 10 mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="24">
<li>(a) <strong>State three ways in which a person can become a member of parliament in Britain</strong>
<ul>
<li>Election of the member to the house of commons</li>
<li>Nomination of the person by the Monarch</li>
<li>Through inheritance of the house of lords</li>
<li>By virtue of office</li>
<li>By appointments due to outstanding performance</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) <strong>Describe six duties of the Monarch In Britain</strong></p>
<p>(i) The Monarch approves/ assents bills before they become laws</p>
<p>(ii) The monarch approves all appointments to important state of offices</p>
<p>(iii) The monarch is involved in enacting treaties between government and</p>
<p>other countries in relation to foreign policy</p>
<p>(iv) The monarch summons/ prorogues/ dissolve parliament in consultation</p>
<p>with the prime minister.</p>
<p>(v) The monarchy gives consent to all cabinet appointments</p>
<p>(vi) The Monarchy has powers to pardon people who have been accused of</p>
<p>committing various offences.</p>
<p>(vii) The Monarch appoints bishops/ archbishops of the church of England</p>
<p>(viii) The Monarch advises/ Counsels the head of government</p>
<p>(ix) The monarch confers honours to persons who have rendered</p>
<p>distinguished/ outstanding.</p>
<p>(x) The monarchy is the commander – in chief of the Armed Forces</p>
<p>NB: The prime minister appoints while the monarch approves the appointments.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><u>K.C.S.E 2010</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>MARKING SCHEME</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>HISTORY PAPER 2</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>SECTION A (25 marks)</u></strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li><strong> State the scientific theory that explains the origin of human beings.</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>&#8211; The Evolution theory/Darwin 1 x 1 = 1 mark</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong> State two uses of stone tools by early people during the Old Stone Age period.</strong></li>
<li>i) For skinning animals after hunting.</li>
<li>ii) For digging uproots</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) For cutting meat</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) For sharpening one/wood</li>
<li>v) For scraping animals skins/softening</li>
<li>vi) For killing animals during hunting</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) For protecting/defence any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li><strong>Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early agriculture began.</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>&#8211; The broadcasting method 1 x 1 = 1 mark</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong>Name two metals that were used as currency in pre-colonial Africa.</strong></li>
<li>i) Iron</li>
<li>ii) Gold</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Copper</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Silver</li>
<li>v) Bronze</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong> State one advantage of using the pipeline over vehicles in transporting oil.</strong></li>
<li>i) The pipeline delivers oil faster than vehicles.</li>
<li>ii) It is safer to transport oil by pipeline than vehicles</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) The pipeline ensures regular/continuous supply of oil to required areas/depots.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) It is easier to maintain the pipeline than vehicles. 1 x 1 = 1 mark</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="5">
<li><strong>Give the two main items of the Trans-Saharan trade.</strong></li>
<li>i) Gold</li>
<li>ii) Salt</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li><strong>Give tow social functions of the ancient city of Athens in Greece.</strong></li>
<li>i) It was a cultural centre/music/art/theatre</li>
<li>ii) It was an educational centre</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) It was a sports centre</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) It was a religious centre Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="7">
<li><strong>Name any chartered company that was used to administer Tanganyika during the process of colonisation</strong>.</li>
</ol>
<p>&#8211; The German East Africa Company 1 x 1 = 1 mark</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="8">
<li><strong>Which was the main factor that unified the communities of the Shona Kingdom during the pre-colonial period?</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>&#8211; The Mwari religious cult/Mlimo/religion 1 x 1= 1 mark</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="9">
<li><strong>State two functions of the Lukiko in Buganda Kingdom during the 19th Century.</strong></li>
<li>i) It advised the Kabaka.</li>
<li>ii) It represented the wishes of the people.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) It assisted in settling disputes/acted as final court of appeal.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) It directed the collection of taxes/how the wealth of the kingdom would be spent.</li>
<li>v) It was the law formulating body in the Kingdom.</li>
<li>vi) It assisted/no general/administration Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="10">
<li><strong>Give one economic reason which made European Countries to scramble for colonies in Africa.</strong></li>
<li>i) To obtain raw materials for the industries.</li>
<li>ii) To search for markets for the manufactured goods.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) To acquire areas to invest their surplus capital Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="12">
<li><strong> State one way in which the Ndebele benefited after the British-Ndebele War of 1893 to 1896.</strong></li>
<li>i) The Ndebele Indunas were made headmen.</li>
<li>ii) The Shona police were removes from Matebeleland. Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="13">
<li><strong> Identify two economic results of the First World War.</strong></li>
<li>i) European governments spent huge sums of money.</li>
<li>ii) There was massive destruction of property.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) It led to economic depression/employment/starvation/unemployment.Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="14">
<li><strong> Give two principal organs of the United Nations.</strong></li>
<li>i) The General Assembly</li>
<li>ii) The Security Council</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) The Economic and Social Council</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) The Secretariat</li>
<li>v) The Trusteeship Council</li>
<li>vi) The international Court of Justice Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="15">
<li><strong>Identify two ways in which Mwalimu Julius Nyerere promoted the development of Education in Tanzania after independence.</strong></li>
<li>i) He established the universities of Dar-es-Salaam and Sokoine</li>
<li>ii) He made Kiswahili the medium of instruction in schools.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) He made education to be free and compulsory from primary school to university.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) He popularized the philosophy of “Education for self reliance”</li>
<li>v) He introduced Adult education. Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="16">
<li>16<strong>. State one condition that a country should fulfill in order to become a member of the Non-aligned Movement</strong>.</li>
<li>i) A country should be independent.</li>
<li>ii) A country should not be a member of either NATO or WARSAW pact military.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="17">
<li><strong>Identify one parliamentary duty of the Monarch in Britain.</strong></li>
<li>i) Summons parliament after a general election.</li>
<li>ii) Prologues parliament</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Dissolves parliament</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Assents bills of parliament</li>
<li>v) Nominates members to the House of Lords. Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>SECTION B = (45 marks)</strong></p>
<ol start="18">
<li>a) State five reasons why early people domesticated crops and animals during the Neolithic period.</li>
<li>i) Due to increased Human population more food was required.</li>
<li>ii) There was competition for food between human beings and animals.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Over hunting developed stocks of animal on which human beings relied on for food.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Hunting and gathering had become tiresome/insecure.</li>
<li>v) Calamities such as bush fire/floods destroyed vegetation/drove away animals.</li>
<li>vi) Some crops and animals had economic value.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Animals were domesticated to provide security.</p>
<p>viii) There was a change in climate which caused aridity/weather sometimes hindered gathering and hunting. Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>b) Explain five causes of food shortages to Africa today.</strong></li>
<li>i) Many parts of Africa experience little or no rain at all over several years leading to crop failure and hence food shortages/natural hazards.</li>
<li>ii) The rapid population growth rate has overtaken food production rate resulting into food shortages.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Inadequate/food storage facilities had contributed to food wastages as farmers cannot store store food for a long period.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Poor state of roads in many African countries hinders transportation of food from the areas of surplus to those of deficit.</li>
<li>v) Low prices of food stuff has discouraged many farmers who may have invested so much capital leading to food shortages.</li>
<li>vi) Many farmers in Africa lack enough capital to buy required farm inputs.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Due to crop diseases and pest, a lot of food is destroyed either on the farms or in stores resulting to food shortages.</p>
<p>viii) The emphasis on cash crop farming at the expense of food crops has contributed to low food production leading to food shortages.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) Environmental degradation through deforestation/overgrazing of animals had led to soil erosion leading to wasteland, hence low food production/desertification.</li>
<li>x) Civil wars in many African countries have displaced people from their farms and therefore diverted their attention from farming resulting in food shortages.</li>
<li>xi) Poor food policies have discouraged farmers as they are not given enough incentives incase of crop failure/poor economic planning.</li>
</ol>
<p>xii) The young-able bodied persons migrate to urban centres thus leaving farming to the aged who are not able to contribute much towards food production.</p>
<p>xiii) HIV and AIDS pandemic has impacted negatively on the labour force in food production.</p>
<p>xiv) Poor land tenure system/land fragmentation has reduced the acreage that would have been used for production scarcity.</p>
<ol>
<li>xv) Over reliance/dependence on famine relief food/other forms of aid has made people not to look for permanent solutions to food shortages.</li>
</ol>
<p>xvi) Lack of modern farming methods her led to low food production. Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="19">
<li>a<strong>) Give three problems faced by factory workers in Europe during the industrial revolution.</strong></li>
<li>i) They were paid low wages/salaries</li>
<li>ii) They worked for long hours</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) They were exposed to accidents</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Accidents victims were laid off without compensation.</li>
<li>v) Inadequate housing made them live in slums.</li>
<li>vi) They suffered from diseases due to poor sanitation/pollution. Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>b) Explain six factors that have promoted industrialization in South Africa.</strong></li>
<li>i) The availability of many sources of energy to provide the required power of industrialization.</li>
<li>ii) The existence of varied mineral resources to sustain the process of industrialization.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) The presence of well developed transport network/infrastructure to facilitate the movement of raw materials and finished industrial goods to the market.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) The availability of both internal and external markets for their manufactured goods.</li>
<li>v) The availability of both skilled and unskilled manpower required for industrialization.</li>
<li>vi) The availability of capital generated from South Africa trade in other goods has enabled her to set up industries.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) The government’s sound industrial policies which encouraged both local and foreign investors to boost industrialization.</p>
<p>viii) The high quality of goods has led to increased demand for South Africans manufactured goods.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) The political instability in the country since the end of apartehid era has created a conducive environment</li>
</ol>
<p>for industrial development. Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="20">
<li>a)<strong> Give three methods used by European powers to establish colonial rule in Africa.</strong></li>
<li>i) Military conquest/expenditions</li>
<li>ii) They signed treaties/agreements with African rulers/diplomacy/collaboration</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Deception/treachery/luring Africans with European goods.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Chartered trading companies</li>
<li>v) Playing off communities against each other in order to weaken.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="1900">
<li><strong>b) Explain results of the collaboration between the Buganda Agreements of 1900.</strong></li>
<li>i) It led to the loss of independence.</li>
<li>ii) Introduction of Christianity and European influence in buganda.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Islamic influence declined.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Buganda got protection from the British against their traditional economic e.g Bunyoro.</li>
<li>v) Kabakas power were reduced in the peace of the growing educated member of the Lukiko.</li>
<li>vi) Kabaka gained recognition and was referred to as his luglilness.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Buganda an administration position in the colonial administration and was used to conquer other communities.</p>
<p>viii) Buganda advanced more economically than other communities as it acquired European manufactured goods e.g cloth, guns.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) Buganda benefited from Western Education and medicine. Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="21">
<li><strong>a) State three ways used by nationalists in ghana to fight for independence.</strong></li>
<li>i) They formed political parties.</li>
<li>ii) They used boycotts/demonstrations/strikes/go-slows.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) They organized political rallies to mobilise mass support.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) They used newspapers to articulate their views.</li>
<li>v) They used the legislative council</li>
<li>vi) They composed songs/poems to attack colonialism.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) They used trade unions.</p>
<p>viii) They used international forum. Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>b) Explain six factors that led to the development of African Nationalism in Ghana.</strong></li>
<li>i) Inadequate African representation in the Legislative council based discontent among the Ghanaians.</li>
<li>ii) Loss of powers by the traditional African chiefs created discontent against the colonial government.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) The need to guard against possible land alienation by the British united the Africans.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Introduction of taxation by the colonial government was resented by Ghanaians.</li>
<li>v) The meagre earnings by Africans from the sale of cocoa to Europeans created discontent among them.</li>
<li>vi) The order by the colonial government that farmers uproot their crops due to prevalence of the “swollen shoot” disease upset them.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Then involvement of the ex-servicemen in the Second World War inspired them to fight for their independence.</p>
<p>viii) The attainment of independence by India/Pakistan in 1947 encouraged the Ghanaians to demand for their right to govern themselves.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) The existence of young educated Ghanaians who had understood the ideals of democracy/freedom who inspired the masses towards a worthy cause.</li>
<li>x) High rate of unemployment among the Africans created resentment/discontent.</li>
<li>xi) The United Nations Charter’s declaration of the importance of political independence for all people inspired the Ghanaians and other leaders.</li>
</ol>
<p>xii) The charismatic leadership provided by Kwame Nkrumah united the people in their struggle against colonial domination.</p>
<p>xiii) The selective granting of trading licenses to Europeans traders while denying the same to the Africans created discontent. Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> SECTION C (30 Marks)</strong></p>
<ol start="22">
<li><strong> a) Give three conditions which one had to fulfil in order to become a French Citizen in Senegal.</strong></li>
<li>i) Literate/able to read and write in French.</li>
<li>ii) Able to speak in French</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Be a Christian</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) One must have worked in the French Civil service/be loyal in the French government/military service.</li>
<li>v) Practice monogamy Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>b<strong>) Explain six differences between the use of British indirect rule and the French assimilation policy.</strong></li>
<li>i) The British used traditional rulers as chiefs while the French appointed assimilated whereas chiefs to become chiefs.</li>
<li>ii) African traditional rulers under British rule retained most of their powers whereas chiefs under French rule had limited powers.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) British colonies were administered as separate territories while French colonies were administered as provinces of France.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Most French administrators were represented in the French Chamber of Deputies in France while in British colonies Laws wee made by the Colonial Legislative Assemblies.</li>
<li>v) Africans in French colonies were military officers while the British administrators were both as provinces and non-professionals.</li>
<li>vi) Laws used to govern French colonies were made in the chamber of Deputies in France while British colonies Laws were made by the Colonial Legislative Assemblies.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Assimilated Africans in French colonies became full French citizens while in the British colonies, educated Africans remained colonial subjects.</p>
<p>viii) British indirect rule preserved African cultures while assimilation undermined African culture. Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="23">
<li><strong> a) State the role played by United States of America in ending the Second World War.</strong></li>
<li>i) The U.S.A provided modern military equipment to the allied forces.</li>
<li>ii) She gave financial support to the allied forces.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) She provided military personnel to the allied powers.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) S.A blockaded the Panama Canal against the central powers.</li>
<li>v) She dropped atomic bombs at Horishoma and Nagasaki which forced Japan to surrender.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="1945">
<li><strong>b) Explain six causes of the Cold War after 1945.</strong></li>
<li>i) The disagreements between the Soviet Union and the United States of America over reduction of arms led to arms race.</li>
<li>ii) The occupation of Eastern Europe by Soviet Union caused fear among U.S.A and its allies in Western Europe/Iron curtain policy by the USSR.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) The ideological differences pursued by the U.S.A and U.S.S.R created mistrust/suspicion among them leading to hostility.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) The domination of United Nations by United States of America and her allies was checked by U.S.S.R through the use of her veto power thus increasing the tension.</li>
<li>v) The involvement of both United States of America and U.S.S.R in European conflicts in the late 1940s created tension among them.</li>
<li>vi) America’s Marshal plan to revive European economies after the war made U.S.S.R to counteract by arming a similar one/comical thus enhancing tension.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) Formation of military alliances/N.A.T.O by United States of America and her allies led to U.S.S.R and her allies to form a similar alliance/Warsaw pact thus intensifying the rivalry.</p>
<p>viii) Construction of the Berlin wall by U.S.S.R in Germany to block Western after the Second World War. Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="25">
<li>a) <strong>Identify three duties performed by the Secretary General of the new East African Community established in 2001.</strong></li>
<li>i) Is the head of secretariat.</li>
<li>ii) Authorizes expenditure on behalf of the members.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Is the secretary to the summit/take minutes</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Keep records of the proceedings.</li>
<li>v) Implements decisions adopted by East African Community Summit.</li>
<li>vi) Prepares agenda for the meeting any 3 x 1 = 3 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>b) Explain six benefits of the new East African Community established in 2001 to its members.</strong></li>
<li>i) There is wider market for different types of goods produced by each member states.</li>
<li>ii) The citizens of member states buy goods at fair prices due to low tariffs levied on goods.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Opening of border closed establishing a common visa/East African passport has boosted free movement of people within the region.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) The community provides a forum for heads of states to discuss issues harmoniously thus promoting mutual understanding/co-operation/friendship.</li>
<li>v) There are employment opportunities for people of member countries in the established common services.</li>
<li>vi) Establishment of the common market create room for enhanced economic development of member countries/spurs greater industrial growth.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) The member countries are working together towards establishing East African Federation in order to apply common laws.</p>
<p>viii) There is improvement in transport and communication network to facilitate the movement of people and goods. Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
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<p><strong>HISTORY 2011</strong></p>
<p><strong><u> </u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>MARKING SCHEME PAPER 2</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u> </u></strong></p>
<p><strong>SECTION A (25marks)</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>1 Give <strong>two</strong> archaeological sources of information on History and Government. (2marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>Tools/utensils/ornaments/onions used by man</li>
<li>Weapons used by man</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Settlements/ruins of the past/rock paintings</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Remains of human/animals</li>
<li>Plant remains.</li>
<li>Garments/ornaments</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Coins used by man</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 2&#215;1 =2 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>2Give <strong>two</strong> reasons that made early human beings to live in groups during the Stone Age</p>
<p>Period. (2 marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>For companionship</li>
<li>For security</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>To share resources</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>To help one another Any 2&#215;1 =2 marks</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>3 Identify <strong>two</strong> ways through which early agriculture spread in Africa. (2 marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>Through migration</li>
<li>Through trade</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Through intermarriages</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Through wars</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>4 State <strong>two </strong>limitations of using animal transport. (2 marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>Animal are affected by poor health/injuries/attacked by wild animals</li>
<li>Rugged terrain/extreme weather conditions hampers the movement of animals</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Animal transport has limited carrying capacity</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Animal transport is time consuming/slow</li>
<li>Animal transport is cumbersome. Some animals are stubborn</li>
<li>Animal transport is limited to day-time and not right time.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>5 Why was silent trade practiced by Trans-Saharan traders? (Open) (1 mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>Due to language barrier/ lack of common language.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>6Identify the main factor that led to the growth of an ancient town of Meroe. (1 mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>Existence of iron ore.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>7What was the main function of the Council of elders among Africa societies during the</p>
<p>Pre-colonial period? (1 mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>They mediated/settled disputes/made peace in the community.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>8 State <strong>two</strong> social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by European</p>
<p>Powers. (2 marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>The need to abolish slave trade</li>
<li>The desire to spread Christianity/to protect missionaries</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The desire to spread western civilian/education/western civilization</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>The need to settle surplus population (any 2&#215;1 = 2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>9 Name <strong>one </strong>African country that was not colonized by the European powers. (1 mark)</p>
<ol>
<li>Ethiopia</li>
<li>Liberia (any 1&#215;1 =1 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>10 state <strong>two</strong> roles played by the African Chiefs in the British Colonial administration in</p>
<p>Nigeria. (2 marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>They represented the colonial government at the local level</li>
<li>They recruited labour for public works</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>They collected taxes for the colonial government</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>They communicated colonial government policies to the people</li>
<li>They tried/heard cases in the local courts (any 2&#215;1 = 2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>11 Name the chartered company that administered Zimbabwe during the process of</p>
<p>Colonization. (1 mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>The British South Africa Company (BSAC) (1 mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>12 Give the main reason for the formation of the League of Nations in 1919. (1 mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>To promote/sustain World peace/security. To prevent the occurrence of another war.(1 mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>13 Give <strong>two</strong> economic reasons for the growth of African nationalism in Ghana. (2 marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>The order by the colonial government that Africans uproot cocoa trees affected by diseases</li>
<li>The colonial government denied Africans trading licenses</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>African farmers earned low incomes from the sale of cocoa to European firms</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>High unemployment rate for the Africans.</li>
<li>Sharp increase in prices of goods. (any 2&#215;1 = 2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>14Outline <strong>two </strong>factors that enable Tanzania to maintain national unity since independence.</p>
<ol>
<li>Adherence to the policy of socialism (ujamaa)</li>
<li>Application of the constitution</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Use of Kiswahili as a national language</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Leadership that was willing to embrace changes. Good leadership.(any 2&#215;1= 2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>15 What is ‘veto power’ as used by the United Nation? (1 mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>A decision cannot be adopted if any of the permanent members of the Security Council votes against it. (1 mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>16 Name <strong>one </strong>Major political party in the united state of America. (1 mark)</p>
<ol>
<li>Republic party</li>
<li>Democratic party (any 1&#215;1 =1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>17 Name <strong>one</strong> type of election held for the House of Common in Britain. (1mark)</p>
<ol>
<li>General election</li>
<li>By-election (any 1&#215;1 = 1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>SECTION B (45 marks)</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><em>Answer any THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provide.</em></strong></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>18 (a) Give <strong>three </strong>physical characteristics of the Home erectus. (3 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Had upright posture/bipedal</li>
<li>Had protruding jaws</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Was about 5 feet tall/1.5 m</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Had slopping forehead</li>
<li>Had deep set eyes/deep eye sockets</li>
<li>Had hairy body (any 3&#215;1 = 3 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain six cultural practices of Homo Sapiens during the New Stone Age</p>
<p>(12marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Made microlithic tools which were small and more efficient that the earlier tools</li>
<li>Lived in rock shelters/cave/hats to protect themselves from harsh weather/wild animals</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Decorated shelters with animal paintings/hunting scenes</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Began to domesticate animals/plants in order to ensure regular food supply</li>
<li>Developed speech which made communication easier</li>
<li>Developed government by setting up rules/laws</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Developed religion as evidence by the practice of burying the dead with their possessions</li>
<li>They practiced simple Art and Craft work/pottery/basketry/weaving</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>They started a settle way of life where they established villages</li>
<li>They were a variety of garments/ clothing</li>
<li>They decorated their bodies with red ochre/wore orama (any 6&#215;2 =12 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>19 (a) state <strong>three</strong> disadvantages of coal as a source of energy. (3 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Coal is bulky to transport</li>
<li>Coal causes pollution</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Mining of coal can lead to injuries/death</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>It is a non-renewable source of energy</li>
<li>Coal was expensive to mine and transport (any 3&#215;1 = 3 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>six </strong>effects of the scientific inventions on industry. (12 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Machines have been improved which produce goods on a large scale</li>
<li>Alternative sources of energy have been developed for use in industries</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Invention of steam engine has improved transportation of raw materials to the industries/finished goods to the market</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>The development of the printing press has enabled people to read and acquire knowledge/information about industrialization</li>
<li>There has been loss of lives through industrial accidents</li>
<li>Data processing/ storage has been improved by use of computers</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Robots have been developed which have reduced over reliance on human labour/reduced labour costs.</li>
<li>Development of telecommunication has led to buying/selling of goods on the internet/e-commerce</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Research has enabled industries to recycle waste products in manufacturing usable goods</li>
</ol>
<p>(Any 6&#215;2 = 12 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>20 (a) State <strong>three</strong> factors that contributed to the development of the Trans-Atlantic</p>
<p>Trade. (3 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Availability of trade items</li>
<li>Demand for slaves in the New World</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Availability of sailing ships</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>The discovery of the compass</li>
<li>Availability of fire arms</li>
<li>Existence of trade routes/links (3&#215;1 = 3 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>six</strong> negative effects of Trans-Atlantic trade on African Communities.</p>
<p>(12 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>There was increased instability/conflicts among communities as traders raided for slaves</li>
<li>Many Africans lost their live during the slave raids</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Traditional industries declined as Africans acquired a taste of European goods</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>There was increased suffering among families as their loved ones were separated/sold to slavery</li>
<li>Some kingdom declined due to continuous attacks from their neighbours in search of trading items</li>
<li>There was destruction of property as communities raided each other for trade items</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>It contributed to the decline of the Trans-Sahara trade as many people found it more profitable</li>
<li>There was a decline in agricultural production as the able bodies people were taken away into slavery.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>There was serious depopulation in west and parts of Central Africa due to slave trade.</li>
<li>Africans lost confidence in their who sold them to slave dealers</li>
<li>The trade exposed W.A to new diseases</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>There was fear and insecurity due to frequent raids on African settlements</li>
<li>Weakened African communities could not resist colonial</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 6&#215;2 = 12 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>21 (a) State <strong>three</strong> factors that enables European powers to colonise Africa in the late</p>
<p>19<sup>th</sup> Century.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Disunity among African Communities</li>
<li>Superior weapons used by European armies</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Weak African communities due to wars/natural calamities</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Some communities collaborated with the Europeans</li>
<li>African ignorance about Europeans intentions (any 3&#215;1 = 3 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>six</strong> effects of the partition of Africa on African communities.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Africans lost independence as European established colonies</li>
<li>African economies weakened by the European exploitation of the resources</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The Africans system of government were replaced by European system</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Africans adopted European language which became official languages in the colonies</li>
<li>Modern African state were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition</li>
<li>Some African communities were split by the boundaries which were drawn during the partition</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Africans lost land as Europeans established permanent settlements</li>
<li>Africans lost their lives/property as they resisted occupation</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>African culture were undermined through the introduction of Western education/spread of Christianity/health</li>
<li>Closer ties were forged between Africans and Europeans which created overdependence on Europe.</li>
<li>Intensification of warfare among African community</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Infrastructure was developed in ling major mini and Agricultural areas</li>
<li>Introduction of new policies e.g. forced labor</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>22 (a) Give <strong>three</strong> functions of the Kabaka of Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial</p>
<p>Period.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>He was the Commander in-Chief of the armed forces</li>
<li>Kabaka appointed/dismissed Saza chiefs/senior government official</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>He was head of traditional religion</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>He was the head of judiciary/final court of appeal</li>
<li>He awarded honours to officers who offered distinguished service/land as award</li>
</ol>
<p>(any 3&#215;1 =3 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Describe the political organization of the Shona During the pre-colonial period.</p>
<ol>
<li>The shone were ruled by an emperor/King who had absolute authority over the subjects</li>
<li>The emperor’s position was hereditary so as to reduce succession dispute</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The emperor was assisted in the administration by the queen mother, the queen sister, army commander, head drummer, head door keeper or head cook</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>There was an advisory council whose work was to advise the emperor</li>
<li>The empire was divided into provinces which were headed by Provincial/lesser kings</li>
<li>The provinces were divided into Chiefdoms ruled by chief</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Under the chief were headmen who were in charge of the villages</li>
<li>The empire had a standing army whose main duty was to defend/expand the empire</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>The king/Emperor was symbol of unity as he was semi-divine</li>
<li>There existed priests who acted as spies for the emperor/king (any 6&#215;2 = 12 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>23 (a) Identify <strong>five</strong> ways through which the United Nations (U.N) promotes good</p>
<p>Governance in the world. (5 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Send observers to monitor national elections in various states</li>
<li>Provides financial/logistical assistance to countries during national elections</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Helped countries to attain independence/establish democratic government</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Sends peace keeping forces to war torn countries</li>
<li>Ensures representation of member states in the general Assembly</li>
<li>Arbitrates disputes between countries/warring groups.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Monitors/condemns violation of human rights (any 5&#215;1 = 5 marks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>five</strong> achievements of the Non-aligned movement (NAM) since its</p>
<p>Formation. (10 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Provided a platform where member countries would speak with one voice in international for a</li>
<li>He encouraged member countries to articulate their national interests before those of the super power</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Enables the member countries to exert their voting power/influence in world affairs</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Hastened the attainment of independence to those countries that were still under colonial rule</li>
<li>Has promoted peace/security by encouraging member countries to observe neutrality in super power conflicts</li>
<li>Has played a key role in disarmament by condemning the arms race.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Has promoted the creation of a new international economic order by encouraging member countries to trade with any of the two super power blocs/financial assistance from each power bloc</li>
<li>Has given funds to the needy countries through a fund, created to address demanding circumstances. (any 5&#215;2 = 10 marks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>24 (a) State <strong>three</strong> objectives for the formation of Common Market for Eastern and</p>
<p>Southern Africa (COMESA) (3 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>To cooperate in creating a conducive environment for foreign/cross border/domestic investment</li>
<li>To cooperate in the promotion of peace/security/stability among member states</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>To strengthen relations between COMESA members and the rest of the world/adopt a common position in international for a</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>To cooperate in realizing the objectives of the African economics community</li>
<li>To promote a more balanced/harmonious development of its production/marketing structures</li>
<li>To promote joint development in all economic fields in order to raise the living standards of the people. (any 3&#215;1 = 3 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>six</strong> challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern</p>
<p>Africa. (COMESA) (12 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Poor transport network has hampered movement of goods/services between member states</li>
<li>The member countries produce similar goods thus limiting the market</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Some member countries belong to other regional economic blocks/hence not fully committed to COMESA</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Civil wars in some members states hamper smooth flow of goods due to insecurity hence lowering the volume of trade</li>
<li>Border disputes among some members states make it difficult for them to cooperate</li>
<li>Some members states prefer trading with their former colonial masters thus posing stiff competition to products from COMESA region</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Failure of some member states to harmonize tariffs has undermined free flow of goods/services</li>
<li>Withdrawal of some members’ states has undermined the planning/financial of COMESA operations.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Member states pursue their national interests thereby working against the objectives of COMESA</li>
<li>Personality differences btw leaders e.g. museveni and Al-Bashir</li>
<li>Quarrels over trading rights under COMESA Egypt and Kenya.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Natural calamities e.g. draughts, floods leading to massive food shortages and famine.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong><u>HISTORY &; GOVERNMENT</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u> PAPER 2 2012 MARKING SCHEME</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u> </u></strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Identify one type of artifact that is likely to be found in an archeological site (1mark)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Tools</li>
<li>Weapons</li>
<li>Pottery</li>
<li></li>
<li>Garments</li>
<li>Coins (any 1&#215;1=1mark)</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li>Name one source of information on the Creation Theory of man.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The Bible</li>
<li>The Koran</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>State two ways in which the Sumerians in Mesopotamia reclaimed land for agriculture</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>They built banks/dykes along rivers to stop flooding.</li>
<li>They dug ditches to drain water from swamps.</li>
<li>They used canals to irrigate the land.</li>
<li>They used the shadoof to draw water to irrigate the land.Any 2</li>
</ul>
<ol start="4">
<li>Give the main form of transport that was used in the Trans-Saharan trade,</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) Animal transport/Carmel/ horse 1 x 1=1 mark</p>
<ol start="5">
<li>Name two groups of people that were involved in the Trans-Atlantic trade.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The Europeans</li>
<li>The Africans</li>
<li>The Americans. 1 x 1 = 1 mark</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li>State two negative effects of the development of motor vehicle transport:</li>
</ol>
<p>&#8211; It causes traffic jams especially in urban areas;</p>
<p>&#8211; It contributes to environmental pollution;</p>
<p>&#8211; It damages roads;</p>
<p>&#8211; It causes accidents leading to loss of lives/injuries</p>
<p>Any 2&#215;1=2 marks</p>
<ol start="7">
<li>Give two inventions that revolutionalized the textile industry in Britain during the 18th Century. (2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) The flying shuttle by John Kay</p>
<p>(ii) The spinning jenny – James</p>
<p>(iii) The water frame; &#8211; Richard Arkwright</p>
<p>(iv) The spinning mule – Samuel Criton</p>
<p>(v) The power loom; &#8211; Edmund cartright</p>
<p>(vi) The cotton gin – Eli witney</p>
<p>(vii) Sylindrical calico printing machine by Thomas bell Any 2&#215;1=2 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="8">
<li>Identify the main factor that contributed to the growth of Athens in Ancient Greece,</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) Trade/ commercial activities.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="9">
<li>State two European activities in Africa before 1850</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>They were involved in trade.</li>
<li>They were spreading Christianity.</li>
<li>They were involved in exploration.</li>
<li>They were involved in spreading Western</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 2 x1 = 2 marks</p>
<ol start="10">
<li>State one way in which African collaboration with the Europeans hastened colonization in Africa.</li>
</ol>
<p>(1mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>It encouraged Europeans to settle on African land/loss of African land.</li>
<li>It created disunity among Africans.</li>
<li>It assisted the Europeans in conquering other communities.</li>
<li>It assisted/enabled Europeans to establish their control/entrench themselves.</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 1&#215;1 = 1 mark</p>
<ol start="11">
<li>Give the main reason why the European powers held Berlin conference of 1884 to (1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p>&#8211; To discuss how to partition/share/divide Africa among themselves.</p>
<p>1&#215;1 = 1 mark</p>
<ol start="12">
<li>State one way in which the rise of dictators in Europe contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War. (1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>They overthrew democratic government</li>
<li>They rearmed themselves.</li>
<li>They engaged. In acts of aggression/attacked other countries.</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 1 x 1= 1 mark</p>
<ol start="13">
<li>Give two economic benefits enjoyed by the members of the commonwealth.(2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Favourable trading opportunities to members.</li>
<li>Financial assistance given to the poor nations.</li>
<li>Technical/research assistance to member countries.</li>
<li>Support for youth programmes/projects for development.</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 2&#215;1=2 marks</p>
<ol start="14">
<li>Give the main reason why the Pan African movement was formed at the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup>(1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p>-To unite peoples of African descent. 1&#215;1=1 mark</p>
<ol start="15">
<li>Name one financial institution established by the African Union.(1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The African Monetary Fund</li>
<li>The African Central Bank</li>
<li>The African Investment Bank</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 1&#215;1 = 1 mark</p>
<ol start="16">
<li>Identify two factors which have undermined the exploitation of mineral resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo since independence.(2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Civil war in the country;</li>
<li>Shortage of labour due to displacement of people;</li>
<li>Smuggling of minerals;</li>
<li>Political interference by neighbouring states;</li>
<li>Poor transport network.</li>
</ul>
<p>Any 2&#215;1=2 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>17State two ways in which poor transport has slowed down economic development in Tanzania since independence. (2marks)</p>
<p>(i) It has made transportation of goods/services difficult</p>
<ol>
<li>ii) It has hindered exploitation of some resources;</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) It has slowed down the movement of labour;</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) It has increased the cost of transport.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong> SECTION B </strong><strong>(45 </strong><strong>marks)</strong></p>
<p>18 (a) State three disadvantages of hunting as an economic activity of the early man.</p>
<p>(3 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>i) It is difficult to locate/spot the animals</li>
<li>ii) Animals are a threat/dangerous to humans;</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) It requires many people;</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) Hunting is time consuming;</li>
<li>v) It is tiresome/cumbersome;</li>
<li>vi) Animals run faster than man.</li>
</ol>
<p>Any 3&#215;1=3 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain six benefits of settling in villages during the late stone age period. (12 marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>i) There was security as people could protect themselves against enemies.</li>
</ol>
<p>ii)Living as a large group enabled people to work together hence accomplishing tasks with ease.</p>
<p>iii)Settling in villages assured man of permanent dwelling thereby reducing movement.</p>
<p>iv)Man began growing crops thereby ensuring regular food supply.</p>
<p>v)Man domesticated animals which provided animal products thereby reducing his hunting activities.</p>
<p>vi)Living in villages promoted interactions thereby increasing social cohesion/sharing of ideas</p>
<p>vii)People were able to exchange goods/services hence getting what they did not have.</p>
<p>viii)It enabled them to build better shelter thereby protecting themselves from harsh weather conditions.</p>
<p>Any 6&#215;2= 12 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="19">
<li>(a) Give three uses of wind as a source of energy in ancient times. (3 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>To winnow grains;</li>
<li>To drive/turn wind mills;</li>
<li>To propel boats/sailing ships;</li>
<li>To drive water pumps;</li>
<li>To dry grains Any 3&#215;1=3 marks</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain six effects of iron working technology on African communities before the</p>
<p>19th Century. (12 marks)</p>
<ol>
<li>i) The use of iron tools made cultivation of the land easier/faster as they were more efficient.</li>
<li>ii) Iron tools were used to clear forests thereby enabling people to migrate/settle in new</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) Iron weapons were used to fight other communities thereby increasing warfare/ conflicts.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) It led to the rise of professional smiths who were accorded high status in the community</li>
<li>v) The demand for iron tools enhanced trade between communities.</li>
<li>vi) Communities were able to protect themselves better usingiron we were</li>
</ol>
<p>directive.</p>
<ul>
<li>Powerful states emerged as iron weapons were used to conquer/annex weaker communities/territories</li>
<li>Iron implements were used as a medium of exchange thereby facilitating trade</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>x) The use of iron tools/implements led to increased food production. <em>Since </em> more land was brought under cultivation</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Has led to development of towns eg Meroe.</li>
</ul>
<ol start="20">
<li>(a) State live economic activities of the Asante during the 19th Century.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>They grew crops for food/trade;</li>
<li>They carried out trade among themselves/other groups.</li>
<li>They were involved in mining;</li>
<li>They practiced Art and crafts/basketry/weaving</li>
<li>They practised iron working/black smithing;</li>
<li>They did hunting/gathering;</li>
<li>They practiced pottery making. Any 6 x 2= 12 marks</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Describe the social organization of the Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>They were organized into clans which had their own traditions/customs. .</li>
<li>They worshipped many gods with Katonda as their supreme God /polytheism</li>
<li>The people highly regarded the Kabaka whom they considered to be semi-divine.</li>
<li>The people believed in life after death since they worshipped the spirits of the dead.</li>
<li>The umbilical cord/jaw bones of Kabaka were preserved for future remembrance.</li>
<li>The people performed sacrifices during the time of misfortune/fortunes.</li>
</ul>
<p>vii) They had symbols of royalty in form of royal drums/spears/crowns which were kept at the Kabaka&#8217;s</p>
<p>viii) They had religious shrines which were scattered all over the Kingdom.</p>
<ol>
<li>ix) They were polygamous /married many wives in order to strengthen social relations.</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="21">
<li>a) Outline five grievances by Africans against apartheid in South Africa.</li>
<li>i) Africans were not allowed to vote for black representatives in government.</li>
<li>ii) They were prohibited from living in urban areas/sharing facilities with whites.</li>
</ol>
<p>iii) The pass laws restricted African movement.</p>
<ol>
<li>iv) They were confined into Bantustans/reserves.</li>
<li>v) The labour laws denied them equal employment opportunities.</li>
<li>vi) Low quality education prepared them for only low cadre jobs.</li>
</ol>
<p>vii) The Land Acts gave whites exclusive rights over land.</p>
<p>Any 5&#215;1=5 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>b) Explain five challenges faced by African nationalist in their struggle for a majority rule in South Africa</li>
<li>i) some nationalist were arrested/detained which crippled their activities thereby slowing down the struggle</li>
</ol>
<p>(ii) The political parties were banned by the government making it difficult for the nationalists to coordinate their activities.</p>
<p>(iii) The nationalists were not united, creatingtension among themselvesthus hampering their struggle less effective.</p>
<p>(iv) The government enacted pass laws which restricted movement thus hampering their interactions.</p>
<p>(v) They lacked adequate funds to finance the struggle thus slowing down their operations.</p>
<p>(vi) They lacked press freedom making it difficult for them to spread their ideas.</p>
<p>(vii) They lacked advanced weapons thereby making them less effective in their armed struggle.</p>
<p>(viii) They had different approaches in their struggle (moderated/radical wings) thus creating a loophole which was exploited by the government.</p>
<p>(ix) Some nationalists were killed which led to low morale hence slowing down the</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="22">
<li>a) Name three communes that were established by the French in Senegal during the colonial period.</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) St Louis</p>
<p>(ii) Goree&#8217;</p>
<p>(iii) Rufisque</p>
<p>(iv) Dakar</p>
<p>Any 3&#215;1=3 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>b) Describe the structure of the British colonial administration in Northern Africa. (12 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) The colonial secretary was based in London</p>
<p>(ii) Under the colonial secretary was the governor who was in-charge of the</p>
<p>administration of the colony.</p>
<p>(iii) The colony was divided into provinces headed by a Resident/Provincial</p>
<p>Cornrnissioner who co-ordinated administration in the provinces.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(iv) The provinces were further subdivided into districts headed by District officers who were answerable to the Provincial Commissioner/Resident.</p>
<p>(v) Districts were sub-divided into locations/Emirates headed by the Chiefs/Emirs</p>
<p>(vi) There were headmen who were in-charge of the villages and assisted the Emirs in matters of administration.</p>
<p>(vii) Both the Resident/Provincial Commissioner and the District Officers were British.</p>
<p>(viii) Each province had a protectorate Court of Appeal which was presided over by the Resident. Any 6&#215;2= 12 marks</p>
<ol start="23">
<li>(a) Name three permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. (3 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) France</p>
<p>(ii) China</p>
<p>iii) Russia</p>
<p>(iv) Britain/United Kingdom</p>
<p>(v) United States of America</p>
<p>Any 3&#215;1=3 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain six ways in which the United Nations provides humanitarian assistance.</p>
<p>(12 marks)</p>
<p>(i) It assists refugees / displaced persons with clothes in order to preserve human dignity.</p>
<p>(ii) It assists in resettling displaced persons by negotiating for their resettlement in safe areas.</p>
<p>(iii) It provides relief food in drought stricken areas in order to avert loss of lives.</p>
<p>(iv) It provides medical supplies to the victims of war/other calamities so as to restore human health.</p>
<p>(v) It provides shelter to the deserving cases by building houses/giving materials for construction.</p>
<p>(vi) It provides education to vulnerable groups in order to promote literacy.</p>
<p>(vii) It assists in evacuating people affected by flood to safer grounds to avert suffering.</p>
<p>(viii) It protects refugees by ensuring their respect/observance of basic human rights.</p>
<p>Any 6&#215;2 =12 marks</p>
<ol start="24">
<li>(a) Identify three categories of members of the Executive in the United States of America. (3 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) The President.</p>
<p>(ii) The Vice-President.</p>
<p>(iii) The Cabinet.</p>
<p>(iv) The Civil Service. Any 3&#215;1=3 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>b) Describe six functions of the Federal Government of the United States of America</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) It handles foreign policy matters which affects her relationship with other governments or world.</p>
<p>(ii) It vindicates/arbitrates disputes involving different states of the union with the view of reaching an amicable solution.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(iii) It conducts/regulates trade/commerce between Federal states/foreign nations.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(iv) It is in charge of the national defense of federal states against external aggression.</p>
<p>(v) It establishes federal courts which administers justice in the states of the union.</p>
<p>(vi) It levies/collects taxes in various federal states.</p>
<p>(vii) It can declare war with foreign government with approval by the congress.</p>
<p>(viii) It makes/issues currency/regulates its value.</p>
<p>(ix) It pays foreign debt owed to other nations .</p>
<p>(x) It enacts legislation which governs the federation.</p>
<p><strong><em> </em></strong>Any 6&#215;2=12 marks</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>HISTORY &; GOVERNMENT </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Paper 2 (311/2) 2013</strong></p>
<p><strong>SECTION A (25 MARKS)</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Answer ALL the questions in this section</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol>
<li>Give the relationship between “History” and “Government”. (1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p>History is the study of man’s past activities while Government is the study of how people are</p>
<p>governed.</p>
<p><strong>1 x 1 =1 mark</strong></p>
<ol start="2">
<li>Name <strong>two</strong> types of dwellings used by the early man during the Early Stone Age period.</li>
</ol>
<p>(2 marks)</p>
<p>(i) Rock shelters;</p>
<p>(ii) Tree trunks;</p>
<p>(iii) On trees;</p>
<p>(iv) Caves/stone caves.</p>
<p>(v) In forest <strong>Any 2 x 1 =2 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Give <strong>two</strong> inventions that led to the Agrarian Revolution in Britain. (2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) The seed drill by Jethro Tull;</p>
<p>(ii) The horse-drawn hoe by Jethro Tull;</p>
<p>(iii) Selective breeding of livestock by Robert Bakewell;</p>
<p>(iv) Introduction of fertilizer by Sir John Lawes;</p>
<p>(v) Mechanical thresher by Andrew Melkel;</p>
<p>(vi) Mechanical reaper by Patrick Bell. <strong>Any 2 x 1 =2 marks</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>For marking purposes, the candidate will get right at the mention of the invention</li>
</ol>
<p>without the inventor.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>State <strong>one</strong> theory of origin about the knowledge of iron working in Africa. (1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) It spread to North Africa from the Middle East/diffusion/one area theory;</p>
<p>(ii) It developed independently in different parts of Africa/independent theory.</p>
<p><strong>1 x 1 = 1 mark</strong></p>
<ol start="5">
<li>Identify the earliest method of trade used during the Trans-Saharan Trade. (1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p>Barter trade. <strong>1 x 1 =1 mark</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li>State <strong>two</strong> ways in which Africans participated in the Trans-Atlantic Trade. (2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) They acted as middlemen between Europeans merchants and interior communities;</p>
<p>(ii) They acquired /raided slaves;</p>
<p>(iii) Rulers sold their own subjects/they were sold as slaves;</p>
<p>(iv) They marched slaves to the coast;</p>
<p>(v) They transported trade items to the coast. <strong>Any 2 x 1 =2 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="7">
<li>Identify <strong>two</strong> modern means of print media. (2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) Newspapers; (vi) Brochures;</p>
<p>(ii) Magazines; (vii) Braille</p>
<p>(iii) Journals; (viii) Posters</p>
<p>(iv) Periodicals; (ix) Pamphlets</p>
<p>(v) Books;</p>
<p><strong>Any 2 x 1 =2 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="8">
<li>State the main factor that led to the growth of ancient town of Kilwa. (1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p>&#8211; Its control of Sofala gold trade/ trade in gold. <strong>1 x 1 = 1 mark</strong></p>
<ol start="9">
<li>Give <strong>one</strong> reason why the Golden Stool was important in the Asante Empire: (1 mark)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) It was a symbol/source of unity among the states.</p>
<p>(ii) It was considered sacred. <strong>1 x 1 = 1 mark</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="10">
<li>Apart from an empire, name <strong>one </strong>other type of government that existed in Africa during the</li>
</ol>
<p>pre-colonial period. (1 mark)</p>
<p>(i) The Kingdoms/monarchy;</p>
<p>(ii) The Chiefdoms/chieftain;</p>
<p>(iii) The Council of elders.</p>
<p><strong>1 x 1 = 1 mark</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="11">
<li>State <strong>two </strong>ways in which Chief Lewanika of the Lozi collaborated with the British in the</li>
</ol>
<p>late 19th Century. (2 marks)</p>
<p>(i) He allowed Christian missionaries to settle/operate in his territory;</p>
<p>(ii) He allowed the British to exploit minerals in his land;</p>
<p>(iii) He accepted the British protection over his territory;</p>
<p>(iv) He allowed a British resident to perform administrative duties in the area.</p>
<p><strong>Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="12">
<li>Name <strong>one</strong> African Community that took part in the Maji Maji uprising between 1905</li>
</ol>
<p>and 1907. (1 mark)</p>
<p>(i) Ngindo; (vi) Luguru;</p>
<p>(ii) Matumbi; (vii) Zaramo;</p>
<p>(iii) Pogoro; (viii) Bena;</p>
<p>(iv) Ngoni; (ix) Ndendeule.</p>
<p>(v) Mpunga; (x) Wamera</p>
<p><strong>1 x 1 = 1 mark</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="13">
<li>Outline <strong>two</strong> roles played by the ex-war soldiers in the growth of African Nationalism</li>
</ol>
<p>after 1945. (2 marks)</p>
<p>(i) They applied military skills/tactics acquired to fight colonialism;</p>
<p>(ii) They trained African Nationalists in military fighting skills;</p>
<p>(iii) They joined/formed Nationalist movement;</p>
<p>(iv) They organised/mobilised African Nationalists;</p>
<p>(v) They made/serviced the weapons used by the Nationalists.</p>
<p><strong>Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="14">
<li>Highlight <strong>one </strong>way in which economic rivalries between the European powers contributed</li>
</ol>
<p>to the outbreak of the First World War. (1 mark)</p>
<p>(i) Competition for overseas market caused tension/friction;</p>
<p>(ii) Competition for sources of raw materials/colonies fuelled tension;</p>
<p>(iii) Tariff wars among them created tension / suspicion.</p>
<p>(iv) Competition for surplus capital. <strong>1 x 1 = 1 mark</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="15">
<li>Give the main incident which made Japan to surrender unconditionally to the allied powers</li>
</ol>
<p>in1945. (1 mark)</p>
<p>&#8211; The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.</p>
<p><strong>1 x 1 = 1 mark</strong></p>
<ol start="16">
<li>State <strong>two</strong> factors which promote economic relations between nations. (2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) Loans given to other nations;</p>
<p>(ii) Offering grants/aid to other nations;</p>
<p>(iii) Trading activities between nations;</p>
<p>(iv) Investments in foreign nations;</p>
<p>(v) Debt relief to other nations. <strong>Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="17">
<li>State <strong>two</strong> ways in which non-aligned members safeguard their national security. (2 marks)</li>
</ol>
<p>(i) By keeping off from conflicts of non-member countries;</p>
<p>(ii) By maintaining their sovereignty/independence;</p>
<p>(iii) By maintaining their economic independence;</p>
<p>(iv) By not identifying with either Communism or Capitalism;</p>
<p>(v) By taking independent decisions/actions in international fora;</p>
<p>(vi) By maintaining their cultural identity.</p>
<p>(vii) By not joining military alliances. <strong>Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>SECTION B (45 MArKS) &#8211; Answer three questions</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>18.(a) Give <strong>five</strong> reasons why hunting of wild animals was mainly a group activity during the</p>
<p>Stone Age period. (5 marks)</p>
<p>(i) Wild animals are dangerous/could kill people;</p>
<p>(ii) They could surround the animals;</p>
<p>(iii) Spotting/locating the animal was easier;</p>
<p>(iv) Less time was taken to catch the animals;</p>
<p>(v) To give moral encouragement/team spirit;</p>
<p>(vi) They could catch more animals. <strong>Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Describe <strong>five</strong> ways in which the development of the upright posture improved the early</p>
<p>man’s way of life. (10 marks)</p>
<p>(i) The early man was able to move/walk/run faster with long strides;</p>
<p>(ii) Man could use the hands to carry out farming activities;</p>
<p>(iii) Man could use the hands to grasp items conveniently;</p>
<p>(iv) Man could spot/sight the animals/wild fruits which he used to hunt/gather from far</p>
<p>distances;</p>
<p>(v) Man could see the impending danger from a distance and take appropriate measures;</p>
<p>(vi) Man used hands to make tools/ weapons which were used for different purposes.</p>
<p>(vii) Man used the hands to defend himself/attack the enemies.</p>
<p>(viii) Man used the hands to perform/carry out domestic chores/young ones.</p>
<p><strong>Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>19.(a) What were the uses of coal during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. (5 marks)</p>
<p>(i) To drive steam engines;</p>
<p>(ii) To provide lighting;</p>
<p>(iii) To heat water;</p>
<p>(iv) To drive locomotives;</p>
<p>(v) To manufacture dyes/pharmaceutical products/raw materials in industries;</p>
<p>(vi) To produce coke. <strong>Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>five </strong>effects of scientific inventions on medicine. (10 marks)</p>
<p><strong>Positive effects</strong></p>
<p>(i) Through medical researches/experiments terminal diseases which used to kill/disfigure</p>
<p>people have been reduced/eradicated;</p>
<p>(ii) Advancement in medical science has helped to reduce suffering/ to relieve people</p>
<p>from pain;</p>
<p>(iii) It has made surgical operations safer thereby reducing the number of people who die</p>
<p>during and after operations;</p>
<p>(iv) The invention of vaccines has helped to prevent/control the spread of diseases leading</p>
<p>to increased life expectancy;</p>
<p>(v) The technology of developing test tube babies has helped childless couples to have</p>
<p>children;</p>
<p>(vi) The inventions have made it possible for transplants of body parts such as heart, liver</p>
<p>and kidneys, thereby sustaining human life;</p>
<p>(vii) Advanced/sophisticated medical equipment which perform computer assisted surgery</p>
<p>have been developed.</p>
<p>(viii) It has led to job creation for medics/other workers who perform various duties in</p>
<p>health institutions;</p>
<p>(ix) It has led to the discovery /manufacture of drugs for treating/curing different diseases.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>Negative effects</strong></p>
<p>(x) It has led to loss of lives through abortion.</p>
<p>(xi) It has weakened the immune system due to overdependence of drugs/drug abuse.</p>
<p>(xii) Drugs are sometimes expensive and beyond reach of many people.</p>
<p>(xiii) Careless disposal of used medical products cause harm to human beings.</p>
<p>(xiv) Use of contraceptives has led to sexual immorality in the society.</p>
<p><strong>Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks</strong></p>
<p>20.(a) Outline <strong>five </strong>European activities in Africa during the 19th century. (5 marks)</p>
<p>(i) Were involved in trade;</p>
<p>(ii) Were spreading Christianity;</p>
<p>(iii) Were involved in exploration;</p>
<p>(iv) Were establishing settlements;</p>
<p>(v) Were signing imperial treaties/establishing colonial rule;</p>
<p>(vi) Were mining;</p>
<p>(vii) Were involved in farming.</p>
<p>(viii) Were involved in stamping out slave trade.</p>
<p>(ix) Were involved in spreading Western education.</p>
<p>(x) Were involved in establishing health facilities.</p>
<p><strong>Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks</strong></p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>five</strong> effects of the Mandinka resistance against the French invasion in the late</p>
<p>19th century. (10 marks)</p>
<p>(i) Many lives were lost due to the protracted war between the two groups;</p>
<p>(ii) There was destruction of property as the Mandinka applied scorched earth policy</p>
<p>during the war;</p>
<p>(iii) The Mandinka were defeated and hence subjected to French colonial rule/</p>
<p>loss of indepence;</p>
<p>(iv) The traditional institutions of the Mandinka were disrupted/weakened rendering them</p>
<p>ineffective in discharging their duties/functions/loss of leadership;</p>
<p>(v) The Mandinka experienced famine as most of the people were engaged in the war at</p>
<p>the expense of farming activities;</p>
<p>(vi) Many people were displaced by the war, thereby becoming refugees in the</p>
<p>neighbouring states;</p>
<p>(vii) The war created suffering /misery among the people leading to a state of despair;</p>
<p>(viii) Samore Toure was captured and deported to Gabon;</p>
<p>(ix) Disruption of economic activities eg. gold mining and trade;</p>
<p>(x) It laid down ground for African nationalism.</p>
<p><strong>Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>21.(a) Identify <strong>five</strong> contributions made by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana in promoting</p>
<p>Pan-Africanism. (5 marks)</p>
<p>(i) He attended Pan-African Conference in Manchester in 1945.</p>
<p>(ii) He organized/hosted Pan-African Conference in Accra in 1958.</p>
<p>(iii) He inspired African leaders to unite;</p>
<p>(iv) He encouraged the formation of nationalist movements;</p>
<p>(v) He co-ordinated plans to decolonize West African states/African states.</p>
<p>(vi) He supported black civil rights movement in the U.S.A;</p>
<p>(vii) He condemned European domination in Africa.</p>
<p><strong>Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks</strong></p>
<p>(b) Describe <strong>five </strong>factors undermining the activities of the African Union (AU) since its</p>
<p>formation in 2001. (10 marks)</p>
<p>(i) Political instability/civil wars in many countries makes it difficult to execute some</p>
<p>of its programmes;</p>
<p>(ii) Border disputes between member countries creates disunity in the continent;</p>
<p>(iii) Lack of democracy in some countries has contributed to its inability to end human</p>
<p>rights abuses/violations;</p>
<p>(iv) Interference of African affairs by the developed countries undermines the union’s</p>
<p>effort to implement its policies;</p>
<p>(v) Due to neo-colonialism, the members are more attached to their former colonial</p>
<p>masters at the expense of the union;</p>
<p>(vi) Ideological differences between some African states creates divisions within the</p>
<p>union thus making it difficult to reach at an agreement;</p>
<p>(vii) Lack of a standing army renders it ineffective in implementing decisions which call</p>
<p>for military intervention;</p>
<p>(viii) National interests are given priority at the expense of the union’s interests;</p>
<p>(ix) Inadequate funds makes it difficult for the union to fulfil all its obligations;</p>
<p>(x) Divided loyalty;</p>
<p>(xi) Personality differences among African leaders.</p>
<p><strong>Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>SECTION C (30 MArKS) &#8211; Any two questions</strong></p>
<p>22.(a) State <strong>three </strong>similarities between the French and the British structure of administration</p>
<p>In Africa. (3 marks)</p>
<p>(i) Both had a governor as the chief executive of the colony;</p>
<p>(ii) They had provinces as administrative units;</p>
<p>(iii) Both had districts as administrative units;</p>
<p>(iv) Both had locations as administrative units;</p>
<p>(v) They had sub-locations.</p>
<p><strong>Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks</strong></p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>six </strong>problems experienced by the French administration in Senegal.</p>
<p>(12 marks)</p>
<p>(i) Communication/language barrier made it difficult for the administrators to be effective;</p>
<p>(ii) Poor transport network hampered their mobility thereby making it difficult to reach</p>
<p>certain areas.</p>
<p>(iii) Resistance by African traditional leaders created obstacles &#8211; fear for loss of their</p>
<p>positions.</p>
<p>(iv) The policy of assimilation required patience/was time consuming since some Africans</p>
<p>were reluctant to forsake their way of life;</p>
<p>(v) They faced hostility from Muslims who were opposed to French values which</p>
<p>embraced Christianity;</p>
<p>(vi) The appointed chiefs were undermined by their fellow Africans as they were viewed</p>
<p>as colonial agents;</p>
<p>(vii) They lacked adequate funds to sustain their operations.</p>
<p>(viii) Resistance by the French traders/businessmen &#8211; fear for competition from African</p>
<p>traders;</p>
<p>(ix) Resistance by the French parliamentarians &#8211; fear for competition of being</p>
<p>outnumbered in the Chamber of Deputies.</p>
<p><strong>Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>23.(a) State <strong>three</strong> ways in which the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)</p>
<p>promoted the education of Africans after independence. (3 marks)</p>
<p>(i) Education facilities were expanded/construction of schools;</p>
<p>(ii) More Africans were encouraged to join school;</p>
<p>(iii) The curriculum was revised to conform to the needs of the people/ provided</p>
<p>quality education;</p>
<p>(iv) The government established universities/tertiary institutions.</p>
<p><strong>Any 3 x 1 = (3 marks)</strong></p>
<p>(b) Explain the political challenges faced by the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)</p>
<p>during the reign of Mobutu Sese Seko. (12 marks)</p>
<p>(i) The banning of opposition political parties created a one party state which stifled</p>
<p>democracy in the country;</p>
<p>(ii) The dictatorial regime was introduced by replacing federal system with the central</p>
<p>government under his control;</p>
<p>(iii) Appointments based on loyalty/kinship in administration created disunity in the</p>
<p>country;</p>
<p>(iv) The stripping off parliament of its powers through constitutional amendments led to</p>
<p>the establishment of a totalitarian regime;</p>
<p>(v) The opposition to the government created uncertainty/tension in the country leading to</p>
<p>the arrests/harassment of opposition leaders;</p>
<p>(vi) The riots/demonstrations due to the civilians’ dissatisfaction with the regime caused</p>
<p>political tension/stability in the country;</p>
<p>(vii) Civil wars divided the country along tribal line hence compromising national unity;</p>
<p>(viii) Rebellion against the regime backed by external forces led to the overthrowing of</p>
<p>the government.</p>
<p><strong>Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</strong></p>
<p>24.(a) Identify <strong>three </strong>circumstances that may make a vice-president assume presidency in India.</p>
<p>(3 marks)</p>
<p>(i) When the sitting president dies;</p>
<p>(ii) If the president becomes incapacitated;</p>
<p>(iii) When the president resigns;</p>
<p>(iv) When the president is removed/impeached.</p>
<p><strong>Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks</strong></p>
<p>(b) Explain <strong>six </strong>functions of the president of India. (12 marks)</p>
<p>(i) He/she dissolves/calls elections of the lower house of parliament/Lok Sabha/House of</p>
<p>the people;</p>
<p>(ii) The president assents/vetoes bills that have been passed by parliament;</p>
<p>(iii) The president is the commander in-chief of the armed forces;</p>
<p>(iv) The president appoints state governors/attorney general / supreme court judges;</p>
<p>(v) The president declares a state of emergency when national security is threatened;</p>
<p>(vi) The president appoints the prime minister on advice of parliament/He calls the leader</p>
<p>of the winning party to form government;</p>
<p>(vii) He/she is a symbol of national unity.</p>
<p>(viii) He establish special councils to arbitrate on inter state disputes.</p>
<p>(ix) He nominates 12 members to the Council of state/Upper House/Rajja Sabha.</p>
<p>(x) He is the leader of political party that nominates him for elections.</p>
<p>(xi) He pardons offenders.</p>
<p>(xii) He makes regulations for certain union territories.</p>
<p><strong>Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks</strong></p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p><strong>HISTORY PAPER 2</strong></p>
<p><strong>MARKING SCHEME 2014</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<ol>
<li>List two methods used by elders to pass information to the young generation</li>
</ol>
<p>on history and Government in the traditional African Communities</p>
<ul>
<li>Through proverbs</li>
<li>Through legends</li>
<li>Through stories/folk tales/narratives</li>
<li>Riddles</li>
<li>Myths</li>
<li>Dances (any 2&#215;1=2mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>State two disadvantages of using caves as shelters by the early human beings</li>
</ol>
<p>during the stone age period</p>
<ul>
<li>They could collapse over them</li>
<li>Wild creatures could bite them</li>
<li>Human enemies could easily attack them</li>
<li>Caves were exposed to cold/wind/floods (any 2&#215;1=2mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>State two negative effects of the land enclosure system in Britain during 18<sup>th</sup> Century</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>It displaced the poor people/landlessness</li>
<li>It forced the poor people to migrate to urban centres</li>
<li>It increased pauperism in Europe</li>
<li>Created immigration to other parts of the world (any 2&#215;1=2mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>Give the main reason why the cannel was preferred as the means of transport</li>
</ol>
<p>during the trans-Saharan Trade.</p>
<ul>
<li>It could withstand harsh desert conditions (1&#215;1=1mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="5">
<li>Outline one role that twas played by the middlemen during the Trans-Atlantic Trade</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>They transported goods to and from the interior/porters</li>
<li>They obtained goods in the interior</li>
<li>They exchanged/traded with European traders at the coast (1&#215;1=1mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="6">
<li>Give two benefits of the development of the railway transport in Europe during</li>
</ol>
<p>the 19th century.</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>Goods/people could be transported with ease</li>
<li>It enabled trade to expand.</li>
<li>It led to the development of urban centres/towns</li>
<li>It promoted industrialization</li>
<li>It created employment opportunities.</li>
<li>It was a source of government revenue</li>
<li>It led to the exploitation of natural resources (any 2&#215;1=2mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="7">
<li>State two advantages of using fire and smoke signals to pass message in traditional socities</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>Message could only be understood by the communities using them.</li>
<li>They conveyed messages faster</li>
<li>It was a cheaper method of sending messages</li>
<li>Message could reach many people/visibility (any 2&#215;1=2mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="8">
<li>State two ways in which the growth of the city of Cairo was influenced by the River Nile</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>It was used for transport</li>
<li>It provided water for domestic / industrial use</li>
<li>The Nile valley was fertile/Agriculture/irrigation (any 2&#215;1=2mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="9">
<li>Identify one symbol of unity in shona kingdom during the pre-colonial period</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>Mwene Mutapa/king /Emperor</li>
<li>The Royal fire (1&#215;1=1mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="10">
<li>State one way in which the acquisition of fire arms enabled the king of Buganda to expand during the pre-colonial period</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>They were used to conquer/suppress neighbouring kingdoms/enemies</li>
<li>To protect the kingdom (1&#215;1=1mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="11">
<li>Name the leader of the Lozi who collaborated with the british in the late 19<sup>th</sup> Century</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>Lewanika (1&#215;1=1mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="12">
<li>Identify two European activities in Africa during the 19<sup>th</sup> Century</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Trading /legitimate trade</li>
<li>Spreading Christianity</li>
<li>Exploring</li>
<li>Establishing settlements</li>
<li>Establishing colonial rule/colonization</li>
<li>Establishing western education</li>
<li>Mining</li>
<li>Establishing western health facilities (any 2&#215;1=2mks)</li>
<li></li>
</ul>
<p>13.Outline two similar methods used to recruit African labour in the British and French</p>
<p>Colonies in Africa.</p>
<ul>
<li>Imposition of taxes on Africans;</li>
<li>They used chiefs to recruit labour;</li>
<li>They introduced forced labour. (any 2&#215;1=2mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>14.State one economic problem that was experienced by the British colonialists in</p>
<p>Nigeria.(1mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>They lacked adequate funds;</li>
<li>Poor transport/communication undermined their work;</li>
<li>They lacked adequate skilled labour. ( any 1&#215;1=1mark)</li>
</ul>
<p>15.Name the political party that led Ghana to independence from Britain in 1957. (1mark)</p>
<ul>
<li>The convention People’s Party(C.P.P) (any 1&#215;1=1mark)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>16.Name the country that was blamed for the outbreak of the first world war.</p>
<p>-Germany (any 1&#215;1=1mark)</p>
<p>17.Give the main reason why the United States of America adopted the marshall plan after the</p>
<p>second world war. (1 mark)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>-In order to influence many countries adopt capitalists ideology./Economic recovery</p>
<p>In Europe. ( 1&#215;1=1mark)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="18">
<li>(a) state three characteristics of microlithic tools used during the late stone age period</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>they were small in size</li>
<li>they were more efficient</li>
<li>They were crafted/fitted with handles/composit/halted</li>
<li>They were used to perform multiple tasks</li>
<li>They were sharp (any 3&#215;1=3mks)</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) Explain six challenges faced by early humans in hunting and gathering activities</p>
<ul>
<li>attacks/injuries by animals discouraged them as it posted threats to their lives</li>
<li>scarcity of animals/fruits in some cases denied them regular supply of food</li>
<li>Unfavourable weather conditions made it difficult to carry out activities</li>
<li>Locating animals/fruits was difficult as it would involve large areas</li>
<li>It was time consuming as it involved chasing the animals for long distances.</li>
<li>Many people were required for the success of the activities</li>
<li>It was tedious as animals ran faster than human beings/wild fruits/roots could be found in far off areas.</li>
<li>Poisonous fruits/roots cold begathered leading to loss of life</li>
<li>Stiff competition with wild animals among human beings for food</li>
</ul>
<p>(explained x2=12mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="19">
<li>(a) give three uses of electricity in Europe during the 19<sup>th</sup> century</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>driving machines in factories</li>
<li>providing light</li>
<li>heating/cooking</li>
<li>Powering locomotives/trains</li>
<li>Powering communication gadgets</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 3&#215;1=3mks)</p>
<p>(b) Explain six factors which promoted industrial revolution in india</p>
<ul>
<li>the existence of mineral resources which were used as raw materials to establish industries</li>
<li>the existence of cottage industries /industrial base laid the foundation for industrial development as people had acquired relevant skills</li>
<li>the availability of funds/loans provided by foreign government enabled the country to setup industries</li>
<li>provision of technical / scientific education emphasized by the government produced skilled labour required in the</li>
<li>good transport communication system made transportation of goods / services easier/cheaper thereby encouraging investment.</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>The provision of credit facilities /loans to local investors facilitated expansion of industries(internal loans)</li>
<li>The development plans adopted by the government emphasized industrialization thereby giving impetus to the sector</li>
<li>The availability of various resources of energy required enabled the establishment of more industries</li>
<li>Political stability in the country gave people confidence to invest in industries</li>
<li>Availability of market for industrial goods provided by large population encouraged more people to venture in industrialization</li>
<li>Availability of external market trade</li>
<li>Its large population that provided unskilled labour required in the industries.</li>
</ul>
<p>(explained x2=12mks)</p>
<ol start="20">
<li>(a) outline three reasons why the policy of assimilation was easily applied in the four communes</li>
</ol>
<p>of Senegal</p>
<ul>
<li>the people had earlier interacted with the Europeans</li>
<li>they had inter- with the Europeans</li>
<li>most of the people were Christians</li>
<li>people were exposed to the outside world due to the proximity to the coast</li>
<li>people were detribalized/of mixed origin</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 3&#215;1=3mks)</p>
<p>(b) explain six effects of the British direct rule</p>
<ul>
<li>Africans lost large tracts of land to the white settlers thereby straining relations between the two groups</li>
<li>introduction of forced labour as the white settlers required cheap labour in their farms</li>
<li>formation of African Nationalist movements to address their grievances against white denominations</li>
<li>loss of power by traditional powers as the British appointed their own administrators who ruled the people directly</li>
<li>imposition of taxes on Africans inorder to force them to provide labour to the whites so as to raise money</li>
<li>Africans were exposed to deplorable working conditions which exposed them to risks</li>
<li>Introduction of pass laws which restricted the movement of Africans</li>
<li>Africans were confined into reserves thereby creating room for European settlements</li>
<li>Exploitation of mineral resources /agricultural resources for the benefit of the colonial government at the expense of African development</li>
<li>Loss of independence by Africans as they were subjected to British colonial rile</li>
<li>Racial segregation</li>
<li>Western edction/Christianity</li>
<li>Development oof transport &; communication network</li>
<li>Undermined African culture</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 6 explained x2=12mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="21">
<li>(a) state three political causes of instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo between</li>
</ol>
<p>1960-1965</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>Tribalism/ethnic differences created conflicts among communities</li>
<li>Domination of public service by Belgians/foreigners</li>
<li>Kasal/Katanga secession from the rest of the country</li>
<li>The assassination of Patrice Lumumba</li>
<li>Army mutiny</li>
<li>Rise of dictatorship</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 3&#215;1=3mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) describe six social developments that have taken place in Tanzania since independence</p>
<ul>
<li>the establishment of more schools/colleges/universities has enabled many people to access education</li>
<li>the introduction of free universal primary education has reduced illiteracy levels among the people</li>
<li>education system geared toward promoting socialism ideals has created an egalitarian/selfless society thus promoting equity</li>
<li>improvement of health through the expansion/establishment of more health facilities/hospitals dispensaries thereby promoting quality of life</li>
<li>social cohesion /unity of diverse elements has been promoted by the socialist ideology(Ujamaa) thereby creating a more stable society</li>
<li>Kiswahili has been made the national language and given more emphasis in the education system thereby breaking communication barriers / promoting interaction among the people</li>
<li>Theatre and sports has been promoted through the establishment of sporting facilities</li>
<li>Promotion of African cultural values leading to preservation of African heritage.</li>
<li>Freedom to worship to citizens</li>
<li>Role of women in the society is highly appreciated</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 6 explained x2=12mks)</p>
<p><strong>SECTION C ( 30 MARKS)</strong></p>
<ol start="22">
<li>(a) identify five main organs of the United Nations</li>
</ol>
<p> ;</p>
<ul>
<li>The General Assembly</li>
<li>The Security Council</li>
<li>The Secretariat</li>
<li>The International Court of Justice</li>
<li>The Economic and Social Council</li>
<li>The Trusteeship Council</li>
</ul>
<p>(b) explain five ways through which United Nations promotes peace in the world</p>
<ul>
<li>it sends peace-keeping missions to conflict areas inorder to enforce ceasefire/prevent further confrontation</li>
<li>it uses envoys to mediate disputes between warring groups so as to find amicable solutions to problems</li>
<li>it hears cases through the international court of justice between states/individuals with a view of administering justice</li>
<li>it imposes sanctions against states that defy its resolutions in order to force them to comply</li>
<li>it uses peace messengers to sensitive people on its importance of peace /encourage peaceful co-existence</li>
<li>it encourages disarmament by signing arms control treaties/agreements with a view of reducing tension/suspicion between states</li>
<li>it promotes human rights/freedoms by enforcing international laws which protect people against abuse</li>
<li>it promotes humanitarian assistance to the needy by giving them protection/basic needs</li>
<li>it promotes democracy and good governance in countries by providing electoral assistance/sending observers to monitor elections in order to ensure fairness/credibility</li>
<li>it condemns all forms of terrorism/putting in place method of combating it through international agreements</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 5 point well explained x2=10mks)</p>
<ol start="23">
<li>(a) state five functions of the commission of African union</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>It implement the decision of the union</li>
<li>It co-ordinates African union activities/meetings</li>
<li>It receives application for membership</li>
<li>It performs administrative functions of the A.U</li>
<li>It makes/initiates proposals to other organs</li>
</ul>
<p> ;</p>
<p>(b) explain five achievements of the Pan-African movements</p>
<ul>
<li>it promoted African nationalism by encouraging Africans to unite against colonial injustices</li>
<li>it restored African dignity/confidence by demanding respect for African values</li>
<li>it led to formation of O.A.U.</li>
<li>it condemned/mobilized people to protest against European colonization domination of Africans eg muslims in 1935 in Ethiopia</li>
<li>it made Africans aware of their status in society thereby encouraging them to struggle for their rights</li>
<li>it created a sense of unity among people of African descent by enlightening on their common origin/similar prejudices from the Europeans</li>
<li>it appealed/put pressure on international community toact against apartheid regime in south Africa</li>
<li>it encouraged the formation of nationalist movements which liberated Africans from colonial rule.</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 5 point well explained x2=10mks)</p>
<p> ;</p>
<ol start="24">
<li>(a) state five responsibilities of the state governments it the united states of America</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>To maintain law and order</li>
<li>To generate revenue</li>
<li>To provide education facilities</li>
<li>To administer justice</li>
<li>To provide health facilities</li>
<li>To provide recreational facilities</li>
<li>To make/pass laws</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 5 x2=10mks)</p>
<p>(b) Explain five functions of the cabinet in India</p>
<ul>
<li>it formulates policy matters that are followed by the state/federal governments in the provision of services</li>
<li>it recommends all the major appointments made by the president in various sectors of the government</li>
<li>it settles departmental disputes inorder to ensure harmonious working relations between them</li>
<li>it co-ordinates activities/programs functions of the departments in their respective ministries</li>
<li>it advises the president /prime minister on various matters of the state/federal government</li>
<li>it defends government policies/decisions both within outside the parliament, thereby popularizing those policies</li>
<li>it approves all proposal for the legislative enactment of the government policies</li>
<li>it oversees the execution/implementation of government policies so as to ensure service delivery to the people</li>
</ul>
<p>(any 5 point well explained x2=10mks)</p>

